PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages	Permian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Gallic	Late Albian						100.5
											Middle Albian						106.2 *
											Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian						113
		Aptian									Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian								Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian						139.8
											Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
											Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian						174.7
											Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
											Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian									Sevatian						208.5
											Alaunian						213.2 *
											Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian									Tuvalian						227
		Carnian									Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									Longobardian						237
		Ladinian									Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian									Illyrian						242
											Pelsonian						243.8 *
											Bithynian						244.7 *
											Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian									Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan									Dienerian						251.2
		Induan									Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian												Wordian			264.28
		Roadian												Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian													Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian													Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian												Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian													Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian													Nealian	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian														Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian														Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian														Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	307													Desmoinesian
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
			Middle Famennian			365.3 *
			Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
			Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
			Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Srbsko		Late Givetian	Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian		383.7 *
					Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian	Chotec		Late Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Chotec		Early Eifelian	Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian		Late Emsian	Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian		Early Emsian	Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †		456.2 *
								Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
							Dobrotivian					458.5 *
							Oretanian					459.7 *
								Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan									Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																	538.8