PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of North America						Permian of the Pamirs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Tarantian															0.0117
		Chibanian						Ionian															0.129
		Calabrian																					0.774
		Gelasian																					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																					5.333
		Tortonian							Pannonian														7.246
		Serravallian							Sarmatian														11.63
		Serravallian							Badenian														12.8 *
		Langhian																					13.82
		Burdigalian																					15.98
		Aquitanian																					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																					33.9
		Bartonian																					37.71
		Lutetian																					41.2
		Ypresian																					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																					56
		Selandian																					59.2
		Danian																					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																					66
		Campanian																					72.1
		Santonian																					83.6
		Coniacian																					86.3
		Turonian																					89.8
		Cenomanian																					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																					100.5
		Aptian																					113
		Barremian																					121.4
		Hauterivian																					125.77
		Valanginian																					132.6
		Berriasian																					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																					145
		Kimmeridgian																					149.2
		Oxfordian																					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																					161.5
		Bathonian																					165.3
		Bajocian																					168.2
		Aalenian																					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																					174.7
		Pliensbachian																					184.2
		Sinemurian																					192.9
		Hettangian																					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																					201.4
		Norian																					208.5
		Carnian																					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																				Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												Longtanian †								Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																				Midian	259.51
		Wordian																				Midian	264.28
		Wordian																				Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian																				Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																				Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian																				Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian																				Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian																				Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian																				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian																				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian					Gamachian	Bohdalec †	445.2
					Kralodvorian					Richmondian		446 *
					Berounian					Richmondian		449.7 *
										Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian			450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian			453
										Turinian			453.7 *
										Turinian			Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
									Whiterockian			Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice			Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
											Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian															458.4
					Dobrotivian												458.5 *
					Oretanian												459.7 *
											Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian									Klabava †						467.3
					Arenigian												468
										Rangerian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian	Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian								Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian					Tulean								477.7
										Stairsian								480.3 *
										Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Skullrockian								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10																	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																	Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean					493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian																Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan																Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan																Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4																	Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4																		Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3																		Dyeran	514
																				Montezuman	514.8 *
			Begadean																	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																		529
																							538.8