PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Devonian of France	Ordovician of China			Cambrian of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of England					Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian																Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian																Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian																Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian																Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian																Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																Late Albian		100.5
																		Middle Albian		106.2 *
																		Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian																Late Aptian		113
		Aptian																Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian																Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian																Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian																Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian																Late Berriasian		139.8
																		Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian																Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian																Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian																Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian																	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian																Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian																Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian																Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian																Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																Late Toarcian		174.7
																		Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																		Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian																Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian																Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian																Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian																Sevatian		208.5
																		Alaunian		213.2 *
																		Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian																Tuvalian		227
		Carnian																Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																Longobardian		237
		Ladinian																Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian																Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	298.9
				Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian			Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian			Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
								Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
								Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
							Wych	Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
									Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani	433.4
									Adavere	434 *
										436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
							Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
									Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian		Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †		Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †		Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †			Pirgu	445.2
									Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					Pirgu	449.5
														Vormsi	449.6 *
			Berounian											Vormsi	449.7 *
														Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
													Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
														Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian												Keila	Idavere †	453
														Haljala		453.9
														Haljala		Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
														Kukruse				456.4 *
														Uhaku	Aluoja †			457.5 *
							Liben †											458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo								458.4
			Dobrotivian															458.5 *
			Dobrotivian											Lasnamagi				458.9 *
			Oretanian											Lasnamagi				459.7 *
														Aseri				460.4 *
							Sarka †							Aseri				461.7 *
													Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
															Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
										Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo							466.3 *
														Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †		Dapingian										467.3
			Arenigian																468
														Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Yiyangian										470
															Latorp †				470.1 *
														Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian						Xinchangian										477.7
											Lianghekou †								477.9 *
														Varangu					481.3 *
														Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Datsonian			Pakerort					485.4
																			486.3 *
													486.5
											Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian									Iverian		489.5
		Paibian									Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Mindyallan		497
		Guzhangian									Boomerangian		499
		Drumian									Undillan		500.5
		Drumian									Floran		503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian							504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian							507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian							509
																				510.8 *