PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Carboniferous of North America	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Permian of the Russian Platform		Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of France	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian															Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian															Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian															Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean								Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
																	Hemphillian	4.7
								Baodean										4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
																	Clarendonian	9.4
								Tunggurian										11.1
		Serravallian																11.63
		Serravallian															Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian						Shanwangian										13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
								Xiejiaan									Hemingfordian	16.9
																	Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian															Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian															Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian															Bridgerian	47.8
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian															Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian															Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian					100.5
													Middle Albian					106.2 *
													Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian					113
		Aptian											Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian					139.8
													Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
													Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	146.3 *										Middle Tithonian
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Bursumian †	Asselian		Shikhanian	293.52
								Uskalykian	294.8
								Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian			Atokan				312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan				315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan				318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian				323.2
		Visean			Chesterian				330.9
					Meramecian				335.8 *
					Osagean				343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean				346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian				351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien					408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian		Wych					Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park							439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian								443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian								Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian									449.7 *
		Sandbian											453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
				Dobrotivian											458.5 *
				Oretanian											459.7 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian											468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470	Arenigian
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †					497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †			504.5
																		509