PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Carboniferous of North America	European Faunal Units	Cretaceous Subepochs	Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Villanyian									2.58
		Piacenzian						Ruscinian									3.1 *
		Zanclean						Ruscinian									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Turolian									5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian									7.246
		Tortonian						Vallesian									8.7
		Serravallian						Astaracian		Cenozoic 5							11.63
		Langhian						Astaracian									13.82
		Burdigalian						Orleanian									15.98
		Burdigalian						Agenian									20
		Aquitanian						Agenian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Cenozoic 4							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Cenozoic 4							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Cenozoic 3							33.9
		Bartonian								Cenozoic 3							37.71
		Lutetian								Cenozoic 2							41.2
		Ypresian								Cenozoic 2							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cenozoic 1							56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Senonian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian								Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian								Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian						100.5
											Middle Albian						106.2 *
											Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian								Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian						113
		Aptian								Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian								Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian								Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian						139.8
											Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
											Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian								Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian								Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian								Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian						174.7
											Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
											Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian								Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian								Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian									Sevatian						208.5
											Alaunian						213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †		Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian		Carboniferous 5	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian	Virgilian				Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian	Missourian				Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Missourian				Dalaun	305.8 *
			Desmoinesian					305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian		Carboniferous 4	Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Moscovian	Atokan			Middle Pennsylvanian		312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
			Morrowan					318.4 *
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian		Carboniferous 3	Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
							Jiusian	335 *
			Meramecian					335.8 *
			Osagean					343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean		Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian		Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3			Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3			Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian				Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian					Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian			Berounian						449.7 *
		Sandbian							Ordovician 4		453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3				458.4
					Dobrotivian								458.5 *
					Oretanian								459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †	Ordovician 2			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian								468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian								470
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian					Ordovician 1			477.7
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian					Ordovician 1			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Cambrian 5			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian											Batyrbaian			489.5
													Aksaian			490.7 *
													Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian														494
		Paibian													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4						Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian								Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3						Amgan/Solvan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Amgan/Solvan					509
										Toyonian			Lenian †		510 *
										Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3		Cambrian 2						Botomian					514
		Stage 3								Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian					521
		Stage 2								Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1						Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †		529
																	538.8