PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																		Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan																			Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian																				0.0042
				Greenlandian																				0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene																			Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian																			Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian																			Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian																			Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian																			Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian																				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Tertiary †						2.58
				Zanclean																				3.6
				Zanclean																			Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																				5.333
				Tortonian																				7.246
				Tortonian																			Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian																		Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian																			Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian																				13.82
				Burdigalian																				15.98
																							Hemingfordian	16.3
																							Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian																				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		Cenozoic 4		23.03
				Rupelian																				27.82
																							Whitneyan	29.5
																							Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian																		Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian																			Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian																			Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian																			Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian																		Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian																			Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian																			Bridgerian	47.8
																							Wasatchian	50.5
																							Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian																		Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian																			Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian																			Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian																			Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian																			Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian																			Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian																Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian																Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian																Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian																Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Cenomanian																Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																Late Albian		Cretaceous 4		100.5
																				Middle Albian				106.2 *
																				Early Albian				109.9 *
				Aptian																Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3		113
				Aptian																Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
				Barremian																Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian																Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian																Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian																Late Berriasian				139.8
																				Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
																				Early Berriasian				142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Oteke	Puaroan							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
				Tithonian																Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian																Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5		149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan							Late Kimmeridgian				150
Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *								Ohauan
Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian	154.5
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
				Late Toarcian	Herangi			Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2		184.2
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2	Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian		Warepan		Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
					Otamitan				217
					Oretian				221
			Carnian		Oretian		Tuvalian	Triassic 3	227
				Gore	Kaihikuan		Tuvalian		227.5
							Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	Triassic 2	237
					Etalian		Longobardian		238
							Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian				Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
					Malakovian		Aegean		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	Triassic 1	247.2
							Smithian		248.9 *
					Nelsonian		Smithian		249
			Induan				Dienerian		251.2
							Griesbachian		251.4 *
				DUrville	Makarewan		Griesbachian		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			Permian 4	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian					259.51
			Wordian		Flettian					264.28
			Wordian		Barettian					266
			Roadian					Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2		273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian					276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian					283.5
					Telfordian					285
										288.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian					Permian 1		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5		298.9
			Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian					Carboniferous 4			307
			Bashkirian								315.2
										Huashibanian	318.5 *
										Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian		Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Serpukhovian					Shangsian		Carboniferous 3	330.8 *
			Visean					Shangsian		Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Visean					Jiusian		Carboniferous 2	335 *
			Tournaisian			Tangbagouan		Carboniferous 1		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf		Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian		Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen		Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine		Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2	419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Silurian 1	433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	Harju	Porkuni	Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian							Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †		Pirgu	445.2
										Kralodvorian				Vormsi	449.6 *
										Berounian				Vormsi	449.7 *
														Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
											Viru			Rakvere		450.6 *
														Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian										Keila	Idavere †	Ordovician 4	453
													Haljala			453.9
													Haljala			Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
													Kukruse					456.4 *
													Uhaku	Aluoja †				457.5 *
												Liben †						458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												Ordovician 3			458.4
										Dobrotivian								458.5 *
										Dobrotivian			Lasnamagi					458.9 *
										Oretanian			Lasnamagi					459.7 *
													Aseri					460.4 *
												Sarka †	Aseri					461.7 *
											Oeland		Kunda					462.9 *
													Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka						467.1 *
			Dapingian									Klabava †	Ordovician 2		467.3
										Arenigian					468
Billingen															469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
							Latorp †							470.1 *
Hunneberg														473.7 *
Hunneberg			Tremadocian							Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	477.7
Varangu														481.3 *
Pakerort														482.2 *
Pakerort	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Cambrian 5	485.4
														486.3 *
					486.5
			Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †						Cambrian 4		497
			Drumian								Cambrian 4		500.5
			Wuliuan								Stage 5 †		Cambrian 3	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4										Cambrian 3	509
		Series 2	Stage 3										Cambrian 2	514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Cambrian 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian										Cambrian 1	529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †			Poundian †	538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †			Wonokan †	571.7 *
																								635