PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of North America		Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Units	Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian																	Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian																	Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian																	Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Villanyian								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian									Ruscinian								Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean									Ruscinian								Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									Turolian								Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian									Turolian									7.246
		Tortonian									Vallesian									8.7
		Serravallian									Astaracian								Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian									Astaracian								Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian									Orleanian								Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian									Agenian									20
		Aquitanian									Agenian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																	Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																	Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian																	Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian																	Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian																	Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian																	Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian																	Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian															Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
																	Kawhia	Ohauan		150
																		Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian																Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Toarcian															Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian																Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian																Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian																Warepan		208.5
																		Otamitan		217
																		Oretian		221
		Carnian																Oretian		227
		Carnian															Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian																Etalian		238
		Anisian																Etalian		242
		Anisian																Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												Vokhmian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian																Nelsonian		249
		Induan	251.2															Nelsonian
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian	Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Barettian	266
		Roadian	Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian				273.01
				Cathedralian		Mangapirian		276
				Hessian				281.9 *
		Artinskian						283.5
						Telfordian		285
			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		Telfordian		286.1 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian		Nealian				293.52
		Asselian		Nealian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean						Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
								Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
								Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian						Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian						Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian									Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian									Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian								Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
		Aeronian								Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian								Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian			443.8
		Katian								Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian								Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian												453
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
													Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian														458.4
										Dobrotivian						458.5 *
										Oretanian						459.7 *
							Sarka †								461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †								467.3
		Dapingian								Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran		514
			Montezuman		514.8 *
			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																				538.8