PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China	Ordovician of China			Cambrian of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of the Salt Range	Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian					0.0117
		Chibanian											Ionian					0.129
		Calabrian																0.774
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian															Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian															Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian															Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian												Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				168.2
		Bajocian													Humphresianum			168.4
		Aalenian												Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			174.7
														Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
														Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
		Pliensbachian												Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
		Sinemurian												Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
		Hettangian												Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
		Induan																251.2
		Induan														Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														Kathwai		251.902
																		252.4 *
																Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Zechstein									Chhidru		254.14
																Kalabagh		255 *
																Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes											259.51
		Wordian																264.28
				265.3 *
			Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	266.9
		Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		Wufeng †	Chientangkiangian	445.2
					Kralodvorian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		449.5
					Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
					Dobrotivian							458.5 *
					Oretanian							459.7 *
						Sarka †						461.7 *
						Sarka †		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †	Dapingian					467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian		Dapingian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian		Yiyangian					470
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian		Xinchangian					477.7
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian		Xinchangian		Lianghekou †			477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10					Niuchehean							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Paibian								494
		Paibian					Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian							494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian	Wangcunian †					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Drumian	Wangcunian †					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Duyunian						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3					Nangaoian						Dyeran		514
			Montezuman										514.8 *
			Begadean										519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian						521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian						529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian						530.7
																		538.8