PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian Epochs	European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Nihewanian			0.0117
				Chibanian															0.129
				Calabrian															0.774
				Gelasian							MN 17								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							MN 16					Yushean	Tertiary †		2.58
				Piacenzian							MN 15								3.2
				Zanclean							MN 15								3.6
											MN 14								4.2
											MN 13					Baodean			4.9
			Miocene	Messinian							MN 13								5.333
				Tortonian							MN 12								7.246
											MN 11								7.75
											MN 10								8.7
											MN 9								9.7
											MN 7 + 8					Tunggurian			11.1
				Serravallian							MN 7 + 8								11.63
				Serravallian							MN 6								12.8 *
				Langhian							MN 5					Shanwangian			13.82
				Burdigalian							MN 4					Shanwangian			15.98
											MN 3					Xiejiaan			16.9
											MN 2								20
				Aquitanian							MN 2								20.44
				Aquitanian							MN 1								22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
				Bartonian															37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian															47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian															56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
				Carnian															227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian										247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian										251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									Dorashamian						251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Dzhulfian					Longtanian †	254.14
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Midian		264.28
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Murgabian		266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian		Kubergandian		273.01
			Kungurian		Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian		Bolorian		283.5
			Artinskian		Yakhtashian		286
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †			298.9
			Kasimovian		Mapingian †			303.7
			Kasimovian					305.9
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian		443.8
			Katian					Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian					Berounian			449.7 *
			Sandbian								453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
								Dobrotivian					458.5 *
								Oretanian					459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian							Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian					Arenigian					468
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10										Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
			Drumian												500.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †									504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian									509
		Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																			635