PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of the Pamirs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																		Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Sheridanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian															Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian															Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian															Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																			2.58
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean															Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian															Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian															Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian															late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
																	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	16.3
																	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
																		Monroecreekian			23.1 *
																		Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian																Geringian			27.82
																				Whitneyan	29.5
																				Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian															Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian															Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian															Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	47.8
																	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
																			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																	Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																	Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																	To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																	To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Lancian/Edmontonian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian						100.5
															Middle Albian						106.2 *
															Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian													Late Aptian						113
		Aptian													Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian						139.8
															Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
															Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian			259.51
		Wordian	Midian			264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian		Gamachian	Bohdalec †	445.2
				Richmondian			Kralodvorian		446 *
				Richmondian			Berounian		449.7 *
				Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
				Edenian							450.4 *
				Mohawkian				Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian			453
								Turinian			453.7 *
								Turinian			Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Whiterockian					Canadian †		Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
										Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
							Dobrotivian							458.5 *
							Oretanian							459.7 *
										Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †				467.3
							Arenigian							468
								Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian				Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tremadocian	Tulean							Ungurian	477.7
								Stairsian								480.3 *
								Skullrockian						Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian							Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10														487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
															Aksaian	490.7 *
															Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian			494										Sakian
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian										497
		Guzhangian													499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian										500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian										503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian										504.5
		Wuliuan													505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4													509
					Toyonian										510 *
					Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian										514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian										515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian		521
																					525.5