PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia					Silurian of England		Cambrian Epochs	Devonian of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian																	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian																	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian																	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian																	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian																	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																	Late Albian		100.5
																					Middle Albian		106.2 *
																					Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian																	Late Aptian		113
				Aptian																	Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian																	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian																	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian																	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian																	Late Berriasian		139.8
																					Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																					Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian																	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian																	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian																	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian																	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian																		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian																	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian										Epizigzagiceras							Late Bajocian		168.2
														Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							Late Bajocian		168.4
														Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian										Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							Late Toarcian		174.7
														Planulata									179.3 *
																Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
																					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
														Kanense									181.3 *
														Carlottense									182.3 *
														Carlottense							Early Toarcian		182.9 *
														Kunae							Early Toarcian		183.5 *
				Pliensbachian										Kunae							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
														Freboldi									185.1 *
														Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras								186.2 *
															Tetraspidoceras								189.2 *
														Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis								190.3 *
				Sinemurian																	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
														Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras							196.4 *
														Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
				Hettangian										Franziceras/Euphyllites							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
				Norian																	Sevatian		208.5
																					Alaunian		213.2 *
																					Lacian		216.7 *
				Carnian																	Tuvalian		227
				Carnian																	Julian		233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	Longobardian		237
				Ladinian																	Fassanian		239.7 *
				Anisian																	Illyrian		242
																					Pelsonian		243.8 *
																					Bithynian		244.7 *
																					Aegean		245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian																	Spathian		247.2
				Olenekian																	Smithian		248.9 *
				Induan																	Dienerian		251.2
				Induan																	Griesbachian		251.4 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																			251.902
				Wuchiapingian																			254.14
Tatarian				Wuchiapingian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian	259.51
				Wordian	Urzhumian	264.28
Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
Cisuralian			Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
					Filipovian	276.5 *
					Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
					Irginian	285.9 *
					Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
					Uskalykian	294.8
					Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian		393.3
			Pragian			Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian						425.6
			Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian			Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Telychian						436.3 *
			Aeronian						438.5
			Aeronian			Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian			Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †		Wufeng †	Chientangkiangian		445.2
						Kralodvorian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
						Berounian								449.7 *
			Sandbian											453
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †						458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
						Dobrotivian										458.5 *
						Oretanian										459.7 *
										Sarka †						461.7 *
										Sarka †		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
			Dapingian							Klabava †	Dapingian					467.3
			Dapingian			Arenigian					Dapingian					468
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian					Yiyangian					470
			Tremadocian			Tremadocian					Xinchangian					477.7
			Tremadocian			Tremadocian					Xinchangian		Lianghekou †			477.9 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10								Late Cambrian						485.4
			Jiangshanian														489.5
	Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian								497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian								509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																							635