PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of the Russian Platform	Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian											Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian											Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian											Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian											Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean																Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean											Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Tortonian											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian											late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																Early Miocene	15.98
															Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
															late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
																Monroecreekian					23.1 *
																Geringian					24.7 *
				Rupelian												Geringian		Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian														Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian											Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian														Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
															Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
																	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian													To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian													To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian													Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
				Campanian																	72.1
				Santonian																	83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian																	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
				Aptian																	113
				Barremian																	121.4
				Hauterivian																	125.77
				Valanginian																	132.6
				Berriasian																	139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
				Kimmeridgian																	149.2
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Bathonian																	165.3
				Bajocian																	168.2
				Aalenian																	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
				Pliensbachian																	184.2
				Sinemurian																	192.9
				Hettangian																	199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
				Norian																	208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
			Wuchiapingian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian		Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
					Filipovian	276.5 *
					Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
					Irginian	285.9 *
					Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Bursumian †	293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
			Visean			Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
			Telychian				Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian				Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	Pirgu	445.2
							Kralodvorian			Vormsi	449.6 *
							Berounian			Vormsi	449.7 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Haljala		Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Kukruse				456.4 *
Uhaku										Aluoja †	457.5 *
									Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
							Dobrotivian					458.5 *
Lasnamagi							Dobrotivian					458.9 *
Lasnamagi							Oretanian					459.7 *
Aseri												460.4 *
Aseri									Sarka †				461.7 *
Oeland								Kunda					462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
								Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian						Klabava †					467.3
							Arenigian							468
								Billingen						469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
										Latorp †				470.1 *
								Hunneberg						473.7 *
			Tremadocian				Tremadocian	Hunneberg						Ungurian	477.7
				Varangu	481.3 *
				Pakerort	482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort				Batyrbaian		485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
			Jiangshanian							489.5
								Aksaian		490.7 *
								Sakian		492.2 *
			Paibian					Sakian		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian		497
			Guzhangian							499.5
			Drumian					Zhanaarykian		500.5
			Drumian					Tuesaian		503
			Wuliuan			504.5		Tuesaian
			Wuliuan					505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4					509
						Toyonian		510 *
						Botomian		512.5 *
			Stage 3			Botomian		514
			Stage 3			Atdabanian		515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian		521
			Stage 2					525.5
			Fortunian					529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																					635