PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of North America			Central Paratethys Stages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian										0.0117
		Chibanian							Ionian										0.129
		Calabrian																	0.774
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian											Pannonian						7.246
		Serravallian											Sarmatian						11.63
		Serravallian											Badenian						12.8 *
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																	33.9
		Bartonian																	37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian												100.5
							Middle Albian												106.2 *
							Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian												113
		Aptian					Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian												139.8
							Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
							Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras					168.2
							Late Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
							Early Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
														Planulata					179.3 *
																Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
							Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
														Kanense					181.3 *
														Carlottense					182.3 *
							Early Toarcian							Carlottense					182.9 *
							Early Toarcian							Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Kunae					184.2
														Freboldi					185.1 *
														Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
															Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
														Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis				190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras	196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian					Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian					Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean							Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian							Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian						Gamachian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Kralodvorian						Richmondian		446 *
								Berounian						Richmondian		449.7 *
														Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
														Edenian			450.4 *
													Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian				453								Chatfieldian
						Turinian								453.7 *
				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	Turinian								456.2 *
				Zahorany †/Vinice		Whiterockian								Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
				Liben †													458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian															458.4
								Dobrotivian									458.5 *
								Oretanian									459.7 *
				Sarka †													461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †													467.3
								Arenigian									468
													Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian							Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian											Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian									Tulean					477.7
													Stairsian					480.3 *
													Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Skullrockian					485.4
																			487.5