PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of North America		Devonian of Germany	Permian of the Pamirs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian													Bumbanian	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Gashatan		56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras									168.2
				Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
				Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
									Planulata									179.3 *
									Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
									Kanense									181.3 *
									Carlottense									182.3 *
									Kunae									183.5 *
				Pliensbachian					Kunae									184.2
									Freboldi									185.1 *
									Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras								186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras								189.2 *
									Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis								190.3 *
				Sinemurian														192.9
									Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras							196.4 *
									Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
				Hettangian					Franziceras/Euphyllites									199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
				Norian														208.5
				Carnian														227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											Dorashamian			251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											Dzhulfian			254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian								Capitanian			Midian			259.51
				Wordian								Wordian			Midian			264.28
				Wordian								Wordian			Murgabian			266.2 *
				Roadian								Roadian			Murgabian			266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian	Cathedralian		Kubergandian			273.01
													Cathedralian		Bolorian			279.8
													Hessian					281.9 *
				Artinskian														283.5
															Yakhtashian			286
												Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		Yakhtashian			286.1 *
				Sakmarian									Lenoxian		Sakmarian			290.1
Asselian				Nealian	Asselian	293.52
Asselian				Nealian	Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel		298.9
						Stephanian		Stephanian C				300.3 *
								Stephanian B				300.9 *
								Stephanian A				301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A				303.7
			Kasimovian					Cantabrian				305 *
			Moscovian					Cantabrian				307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D				307.4 *
								Westphalian C				309.8
								Westphalian B				314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B				315.2
								Westphalian A				317 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian				318.8 *
								Marsdenian				320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian				321.5 *
								Alportian				322 *
								Chokierian				323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian				323.2
								Arnsbergian				324 *
								Pendleian				327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †				330.9
						Livian		Asbian †				336.3 *
						Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian				340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian						346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian						353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian							393.3
			Pragian			Siegen							407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine							410.8
Silurian		Pridoli											419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
		Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
			Aeronian										438.5
			Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian			443.8
			Katian							Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian						Berounian	449.7 *
			Sandbian							453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †			456.2 *
										Liben †				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
									Dobrotivian					458.5 *
									Oretanian					459.7 *
	Sarka †										461.7 *
	Dapingian		Klabava †								467.3
	Dapingian								Arenigian		468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Drumian									Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan									Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran			Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran	514
				Montezuman	514.8 *
				Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian								538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian					Karatau								800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau								1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian								1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian								1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan								1375
																		1400