PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of China		Permian Subages of Germany	Central Paratethys Stages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian														Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian														Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian														Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †										2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean														Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian													Pannonian		7.246
		Tortonian													Pannonian	Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian													Sarmatian	Clarendonian	11.63
															Sarmatian	Barstovian	12.5
															Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
																Hemingfordian	16.3
																Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian														Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian														Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian														Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian														Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														Bridgerian	47.8
																Wasatchian	50.5
																Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian														Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian														Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian														Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian														Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	Longtanian †	Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian			Leine	264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel		298.9
						Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian				Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian				Hastarian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani		433.4
		Telychian					Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
			Uhaku						Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Uhaku							458.4
			Lasnamagi		458.9 *
			Aseri		460.4 *
			Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
					Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
					Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian		Billingen	469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
					Latorp †				470.1 *
				Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg					477.7
				Varangu					481.3 *
				Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
												Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian							Paibian				494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	St Davids		497
		Drumian								Drumian	Wangcunian †			500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Duyunian	Caerfai			509
	Series 2	Stage 3									Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian									Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian									Jinnigian				530.7
																	538.8