PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian of the Salt Range	Permian of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean						Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean								0.129
							Irvingtonian								0.21
														Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
							Blancan								1.4
														Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian												Waipipian	3
		Zanclean												Waipipian	3.6
														Opoitian	3.7
							Hemphillian							Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
							Clarendonian								9.4
													Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian													11.63
							Barstovian								12.5
														Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian	13.82
														Clifdenian	15.1
													Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
							Hemingfordian								16.3
							Arikareean								18.5
														Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian												Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian	23.03
														Duntroonian	25.2
														Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
							Whitneyan								29.5
							Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian								33.9
													Arnold	Runangan	34.6
														Kaiatan	36.7
							Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian													37.71
														Bortonian	39.1
							Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
														Heretaungan	45.7
							Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian													47.8
														Mangaorapan	48.9
							Wasatchian							Mangaorapan	50.5
							Wasatchian							Waipawan	52
							Clarkforkian							Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian							Teurian	56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian					Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian	Lancian/Edmontonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan		Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic			Motuan	100.5
							Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Induan						251.2
		Induan						Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai	Meishanian	251.902
										252.4 *
								Chhidru		252.9 *
									Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Laoshanian	254.14
								Kalabagh		255 *
								Wargal		256 *
									Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian							Kuhfengian	264.28
										265.3 *
								Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian						Amb		266.9
		Roadian								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian							Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian							Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian							Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian							Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian									300.1
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian								Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian								Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian							330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
		Pragian								Siegen	407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien							Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju				Porkuni	443.8
		Katian									Pirgu	445.2
				Vormsi		449.6 *
				Nabala		Johvi †					450 *
				Viru			Rakvere				450.6 *
							Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian				Keila	Idavere †				453
						Haljala					453.9
						Kukruse					456.4 *
						Uhaku	Aluoja †				457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku					458.4
						Lasnamagi					458.9 *
						Aseri					460.4 *
				Oeland		Kunda					462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
						Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov						467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
							Latorp †					470.1 *
						Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg						477.7
						Varangu						481.3 *
						Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort						485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										486.3 *
															486.5