PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	European Faunal Units	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Britain				Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Tarantian										0.0117
		Chibanian					Ionian										0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Villanyian								2.58
		Piacenzian							Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean							Ruscinian								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Turolian								5.333
		Tortonian							Turolian								7.246
		Tortonian							Vallesian								8.7
		Serravallian							Astaracian								11.63
		Langhian							Astaracian								13.82
		Burdigalian							Orleanian								15.98
		Burdigalian							Agenian								20
		Aquitanian							Agenian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian									259.51
		Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian									264.28
		Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
		Artinskian															283.5
		Sakmarian															290.1
		Asselian															293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian													Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7												Mapingian †
		Kasimovian		305.9
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian			Pragian		407.6
		Pragian			Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju		Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
							Viru		Rakvere					450.6 *
									Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
									Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
									Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian							Keila				Idavere †	453
									Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
									Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
												Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †			455.2 *
									Kukruse						456.4 *
											Aurelucian				456.8 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
									Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
									Lasnamagi						458.9 *
									Aseri						460.4 *
									Aseri		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
							Oeland		Kunda						462.9 *
									Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
									Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian														467.3
										Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
									Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian														470
													Latorp †			470.1 *
											Whitlandian					471.1 *
									Hunneberg		Whitlandian					473.7 *
											Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian								Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
											Cressagian					480.8 *
								Varangu	481.3 *
								Pakerort	482.2 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											486.3 *
																	486.5