PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				European Faunal Units	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of Western Europe	Cambrian of Siberia
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian	Tertiary †									2.58
		Piacenzian					Ruscinian										3.1 *
		Zanclean					Ruscinian										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian										5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian										7.246
		Tortonian					Vallesian										8.7
		Serravallian					Astaracian										11.63
		Langhian					Astaracian										13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian										15.98
		Burdigalian					Agenian										20
		Aquitanian					Agenian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian						100.5
											Middle Albian						106.2 *
											Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian						113
		Aptian									Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian						139.8
											Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
											Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian						174.7
											Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
											Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian									Sevatian						208.5
											Alaunian						213.2 *
											Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian									Tuvalian						227
		Carnian									Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									Longobardian						237
		Ladinian									Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian									Illyrian						242
											Pelsonian						243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
					Stephanian		Stephanian C		300.3 *
							Stephanian B		300.9 *
							Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
							Cantabrian	305 *
								305.9
		Moscovian						307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu		Rawtheyan		445.2
											Cautleyan		448.9 *
											Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
											Pusgillian		449.3 *
									Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
									Nabala					Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere						450.6 *
									Rakvere		Cheneyan				451.5 *
									Oandu		Cheneyan	Gisbornian			452 *
									Oandu		Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian							Keila					Idavere †	453
									Keila				Actonian †		453.2 *
			Haljala						453.9				Actonian †
									Marshbrookian †				Woolstonian †		454.2 *
				Longvillian †					455.2 *
			Kukruse						456.4 *
									Aurelucian		456.8 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian									457.4 *
			Uhaku	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian									Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Uhaku	Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Darriwilian		458.4
			Lasnamagi											458.9 *
			Aseri											460.4 *
			Aseri						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
			Oeland					Kunda						462.9 *
								Kunda					Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian										Yapeenian			467.3
				Arenig					Fennian			Yapeenian			468.4 *
						Castlemainian						468.5 *
						Castlemainian		Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian						470
												Latorp †		470.1 *
									Whitlandian					471.1 *
						Bendigonian								471.8 *
						Lancefieldian								473.5 *
								Hunneberg						473.7 *
									Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc					Migneintian					477.7
									Cressagian					480.8 *
								Varangu						481.3 *
								Pakerort						482.2 *
						Warendian								482.8 *
														Mansian †	483.55 *
														Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
																486.3 *
							486.5
		Jiangshanian					489.5
					Aksaian		490.7 *
					Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian					494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †		Ayusokkanian								497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †								Amgan/Solvan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Amgan/Solvan	509
												Toyonian			Lenian †	510 *
												Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3										Botomian				514
		Stage 3										Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Tommotian				521
		Stage 2										Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian										Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †	529
																	538.8