PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of China	Cambrian of Australia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6								0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Calabrian																0.774
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Serravallian								Cenozoic 5								11.63
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Cenozoic 4								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Cenozoic 4								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Cenozoic 3								33.9
		Bartonian								Cenozoic 3								37.71
		Lutetian								Cenozoic 2								41.2
		Ypresian								Cenozoic 2								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cenozoic 1								56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian								Cretaceous 7						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian								Cretaceous 6						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Cretaceous 4						Late Albian		100.5
																Middle Albian		106.2 *
																Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian								Cretaceous 3						Late Aptian		113
		Aptian								Cretaceous 3						Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian								Cretaceous 2						Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian								Cretaceous 1						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian		139.8
																Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan		Jurassic 6						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian								Jurassic 6						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5						Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan								Late Kimmeridgian		150
								Ohauan								Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
								Heterian								Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian						Temaikan								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian								Jurassic 4						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian														Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian														Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian								Jurassic 3						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														Late Toarcian		174.7
							Herangi	Ururoan								Late Toarcian		176
																Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Jurassic 2						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian						Aratauran		Jurassic 2						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian								Jurassic 1						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian								Jurassic 1						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian		Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian	Warepan	Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
			Otamitan		217
			Oretian		221
		Carnian	Oretian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian	227
			Gore		Tuvalian	Kaihikuan	227.5
					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
					Longobardian	Etalian	238
					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
					Aegean	Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1	Spathian		Vokhmian	247.2
					Smithian			248.9 *
					Smithian	Nelsonian		249
		Induan			Dienerian			251.2
					Griesbachian			251.4 *
			DUrville		Griesbachian	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	Meishanian	Makarewan			251.902
					Meishanian	Waiitian			253.2
					Baoqingian				253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian			Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
					Laoshanian	Puruhauan				254.2
					Laibinian	Puruhauan				257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima		Flettian	Lengwuan			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian			Flettian	Kuhfengian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian			Barettian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266
		Roadian		Permian 3					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2		Luodianian				273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian					276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian					283.5
					Telfordian					285
					Telfordian	Longlinian				285.4 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1		Zisongian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		Zisongian				298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian								Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju							Porkuni	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian									Pirgu		445.2
											Vormsi		449.6 *
											Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
				Viru							Rakvere			450.6 *
											Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian									Keila	Idavere †	Ordovician 4	453
											Haljala			453.9
											Kukruse			456.4 *
											Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Uhaku		Ordovician 3	458.4
											Lasnamagi			458.9 *
											Aseri			460.4 *
				Oeland							Kunda			462.9 *
											Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
											Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian									Volkhov		Ordovician 2		467.3
		Dapingian									Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
												Latorp †			470.1 *
											Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian									Hunneberg		Ordovician 1		477.7
							Varangu				481.3 *
							Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort					Cambrian 5	Datsonian		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
													Payntonian			486.8 *
								Sunwaptan					Payntonian			487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan					Iverian			489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean					Iverian			493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean					Idamean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Cambrian 4	Mindyallan			Series 3 †	Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian							Boomerangian							499
		Drumian							Undillan							500.5
		Drumian							Floran							503
		Wuliuan						Cambrian 3	Templetonian				Stage 5 †			Topazan	504.5
			Delamaran		506.5				Templetonian
					Ordian				507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Ordian								Waucoban †		509
															510.8 *
			Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran			Cambrian 2		514
			Montezuman					514.8 *
			Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1		529
																		538.8