PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of Western Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian														Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian															11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian								66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian					Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan									150
								Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian						Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan									176
		Pliensbachian						Ururoan									184.2
		Pliensbachian						Aratauran									188.9
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian									201.4
		Norian						Warepan									208.5
								Otamitan									217
								Oretian									221
		Carnian						Oretian									227
		Carnian					Gore	Kaihikuan									227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Kaihikuan									237
		Ladinian						Etalian									238
		Anisian						Etalian									242
		Anisian						Malakovian									246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Malakovian									247.2
		Olenekian						Nelsonian									249
		Induan						Nelsonian									251.2
		Induan					DUrville	Makarewan									251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan									251.902
		Changhsingian	Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian	Waiitian	Zechstein	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Puruhauan	Zechstein	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		266
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian	Autunian	283.5
				Telfordian		285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
								Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
								Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
								Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian						Keila				Idavere †	453
								Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
								Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
											Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †			455.2 *
								Kukruse						456.4 *
										Aurelucian				456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
								Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
								Lasnamagi						458.9 *
								Aseri						460.4 *
								Aseri		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
							Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
								Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
								Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian													467.3
									Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
								Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
												Latorp †			470.1 *
										Whitlandian					471.1 *
								Hunneberg		Whitlandian					473.7 *
										Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian							Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
										Cressagian					480.8 *
								Varangu							481.3 *
								Pakerort							482.2 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan								485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
					Sunwaptan							487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan							489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean							493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †							497
		Drumian		Marjumian								500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran		514
				Montezuman		514.8 *
				Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																	538.8