PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127493 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Britain				Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran													0
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																			0.0117
		Chibanian																			0.129
		Chibanian						Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian													0.774
		Calabrian						Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan						MN 17							1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian						MN 17							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian			Tertiary †			MN 16							2.58
								Waipipian						MN 16							3
														MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean																			3.6
								Opoitian													3.7
														MN 14							4.2
														MN 13							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian												MN 12							7.246
														MN 11							7.75
														MN 10							8.7
														MN 9							9.7
							Southland	Waiauan						MN 9							11.04
														MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian												MN 7 + 8							11.63
														MN 6							12.8 *
								Lillburnian						MN 6							13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian						MN 5							13.82
								Clifdenian													15.1
							Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian												MN 4							15.98
														MN 3							16.9
								Otaian						MN 3							18.7
														MN 2							20
		Aquitanian																			20.44
							Landon	Waitakian													21.7
														MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian									MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
								Duntroonian													25.2
								Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan										MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian										MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
							Arnold	Runangan													34.6
								Kaiatan													36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan										MP 16		37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian											MP 16		39.1
		Lutetian						Bortonian											MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
								Heretaungan													45.7
		Ypresian						Heretaungan		Bumbanian									MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
								Mangaorapan													48.9
								Waipawan													52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian	Gashatan										MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian													66
		Campanian						Haumurian													72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan													83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan													86.1
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
								Mangaotanean													90.5
								Arowhanan													93.7
		Cenomanian	93.9					Arowhanan
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	100.5
				Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
							Filipovian	276.5 *
							Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
							Irginian	285.9 *
							Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
							Uskalykian	294.8
							Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian						Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju					Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu		Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Cautleyan			448.9 *
										Pusgillian			449.3 *
								Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
								Vormsi			Berounian			449.7 *
								Nabala						Johvi †	450 *
			Viru					Rakvere							450.6 *
								Rakvere		Cheneyan					451.5 *
								Oandu		Cheneyan					452 *
								Oandu		Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian						Keila						Idavere †	453
								Keila					Actonian †		453.2 *
								Haljala					Actonian †		453.9
													Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †			455.2 *
																Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Kukruse			456.4 *
								Aurelucian		456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					457.4 *
					Uhaku									Aluoja †	457.5 *
												Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
											Dobrotivian					458.5 *
					Lasnamagi						Dobrotivian					458.9 *
					Lasnamagi						Oretanian					459.7 *
					Aseri											460.4 *
									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
												Sarka †					461.7 *
			Oeland		Kunda												462.9 *
					Kunda									Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
					Volkhov												Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †	467.3
							Arenigian				468
								Arenig	Fennian		468.4 *
					Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
											Latorp †			470.1 *
									Whitlandian					471.1 *
					Hunneberg				Whitlandian					473.7 *
									Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian	Tremadocian						477.7
							Cressagian							480.8 *
					Varangu									481.3 *
					Pakerort									482.2 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †			497
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan															Stage 5 †	504.5
																					509