PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127731 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of China			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of North America				Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran															0
		Northgrippian																					0.0042
		Greenlandian																					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene											0.129
		Chibanian						Castlecliffian				Middle Pleistocene											0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian				Early Pleistocene											0.774
		Calabrian						Nukumaruan															1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan															1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian															2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian				Late Pliocene							Tertiary †				2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian				Late Pliocene											3
		Zanclean						Waipipian				Early Pliocene											3.6
		Zanclean						Opoitian				Early Pliocene											3.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean				Late Miocene											5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan															7.2
		Tortonian						Tongaporutuan															7.246
		Tortonian					Southland	Waiauan															11.04
		Serravallian						Waiauan				Middle Miocene											11.63
		Serravallian						Lillburnian															13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian															13.82
								Clifdenian															15.1
							Pareora	Altonian															15.9
		Burdigalian						Altonian				Early Miocene											15.98
		Burdigalian						Otaian															18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian															20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian															21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian				Late Oligocene								MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		23.03
								Duntroonian															25.2
								Whaingaroan															27.3
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene								MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene								MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			33.9
							Arnold	Runangan															34.6
								Kaiatan															36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan				Middle Eocene								MP 16			37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian												MP 16			39.1
		Lutetian						Bortonian												MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan															42.6
								Heretaungan															45.7
		Ypresian						Heretaungan				Early Eocene								MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			47.8
								Mangaorapan															48.9
								Waipawan															52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian				Late Paleocene								MP 6	MP 1 - 5		56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene											59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
		Campanian						Haumurian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	86.1
		Coniacian																				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian																				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
								Mangaotanean															90.5
								Arowhanan															93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian															95.2
								Motuan															99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan														Late Albian	100.5
								Urutawan														Late Albian	103.3
								Urutawan														Middle Albian	106.2 *
							Taitai	Korangan														Middle Albian	108.4
																						Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian																				Late Aptian	113
																						Late Aptian	117.5
																						Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian	139.8
			Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
			Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		Late Bajocian	168.2
						Late Bajocian	Humphresianum		168.4
						Early Bajocian	Humphresianum		168.6 *
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	Late Toarcian		174.7
							Late Toarcian		180.1
							Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Middle Toarcian		182
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian					Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian		227
		Carnian					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian		237
		Ladinian					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian		251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian		393.3
		Pragian						Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju							Porkuni	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	Chientangkiangian				Gamachian	445.2
											Chientangkiangian				Richmondian	446 *
					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								449.5
										Vormsi			449.6 *
										Vormsi			Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Nabala			Maysvillian			Johvi †	450 *
										Nabala			Edenian				450.4 *
			Viru							Rakvere			Edenian				450.6 *
										Rakvere			Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
						Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian				Keila				Idavere †						453
						Keila								Turinian		453.7 *
						Haljala										453.9
						Kukruse										456.4 *
						Kukruse							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
						Uhaku				Aluoja †							457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo	Uhaku						458.4
						Lasnamagi						458.9 *
						Aseri						460.4 *
			Oeland			Kunda						462.9 *
										Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
					Hunjiang †						Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
						Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka					467.1 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian													467.3
														Rangerian			469.1 *
						Billingen								Rangerian			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian									Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
										Latorp †								470.1 *
						Hunneberg												473.7 *
														Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian														477.7
											Lianghekou †							477.9 *
							Stairsian							480.3 *
						Varangu	Stairsian							481.3 *
						Varangu	Skullrockian		Demingian †					482 *
						Pakerort			Demingian †					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort										485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian														Series 3 †	497
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan															Stage 5 †	504.5
																							509