PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian								Lujanian			0.129
										Ensenadan			0.3 *
								Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian					0.774
								Nukumaruan					1.63
										Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian											1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Vorohuean			2.58
										Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
								Waipipian					3
		Zanclean						Waipipian					3.6
								Opoitian		Montehermosan			3.7 *
								Opoitian		Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian										Pannonian	7.246
										Chasicoan			7.9 *
										Mayoan			9.9 *
										Laventan			10.9 *
							Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian										Sarmatian	11.63
												Badenian	12.8 *
								Lillburnian					13.05
										Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian											13.82
								Clifdenian					15.1
								Clifdenian		Friasian			15.4 *
							Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
										Santacrucian			16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
								Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian											20.44
										Deseadan			20.9 *
							Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian					23.03
								Duntroonian					25.2
								Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian								Tinguirirican			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
							Arnold	Runangan					34.6
								Runangan		Divisaderan			35.9 *
								Kaiatan					36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan					37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian					39.1
		Lutetian											41.2
										Mustersan			41.9 *
							Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
								Heretaungan					45.7
		Ypresian											47.8
										Casamayoran			47.9 *
								Mangaorapan					48.9
								Waipawan					52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian		Riochican			56
										Itaboraian			56.9 *
										Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
				Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku					458.4
				Lasnamagi					458.9 *
				Aseri					460.4 *
				Oeland			Kunda		462.9 *
			Valaste †/Hunderum				Kunda	464.3 *
							Volkhov	Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov		467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen		469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
			Latorp †						470.1 *
							Hunneberg		473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg		477.7
							Varangu		481.3 *
							Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort		485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							486.3 *
													486.5