PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Germany	Devonian of France	Cambrian of Australia	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian						Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian						Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian					Villanyian	2.58
								Waipipian					Villanyian	3
													Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean						Opoitian						3.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean					Turolian	5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
													Vallesian	8.7
							Southland	Waiauan					Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian						Waiauan					Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian						Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian						13.82
								Clifdenian						15.1
							Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian						Altonian					Orleanian	15.98
								Otaian					Orleanian	18.7
													Agenian	20
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian						23.03
								Duntroonian						25.2
								Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
							Arnold	Runangan						34.6
								Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan						37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian						Bortonian						41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
								Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian						Heretaungan						47.8
								Mangaorapan						48.9
								Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian						56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian						66
		Campanian						Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
								Mangaotanean						90.5
								Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan						93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
								Motuan						99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan						100.5
								Urutawan						103.3
							Taitai	Korangan						108.4
		Aptian						Korangan						113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian			393.3
		Pragian				Siegen			407.6
		Pragian				Siegen	Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian						Keila		Idavere †	453
								Haljala			453.9
								Kukruse			456.4 *
								Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku			458.4
			Lasnamagi					458.9 *
			Aseri					460.4 *
			Oeland					Kunda	462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
					Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg			477.7
					Varangu			481.3 *
					Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort				Datsonian		485.4
					486.3 *
					486.5
					Payntonian				486.8 *
		Jiangshanian			Iverian				489.5
		Paibian			Idamean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Mindyallan				497
		Guzhangian			Boomerangian				499
		Drumian			Undillan				500.5
		Drumian			Floran				503
		Wuliuan			Templetonian				504.5
		Wuliuan			Ordian				507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Ordian				509
														510.8 *