PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of North America		Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian																Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian																		0.774
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Serravallian																		11.63
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																		33.9
		Bartonian																		37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Ypresian																		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																		56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic								Late Albian					100.5
															Middle Albian					106.2 *
															Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian													Late Aptian					113
		Aptian													Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian					139.8
															Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
															Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian													Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian													Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian													Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian													Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian													Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													Late Toarcian					174.7
															Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
															Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian													Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian													Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian													Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian													Sevatian					208.5
															Alaunian					213.2 *
															Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian													Tuvalian					227
		Carnian													Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													Longobardian					237
		Ladinian													Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian													Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli			Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian		433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju			Porkuni		Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu			Rawtheyan		Chientangkiangian			445.2
										Cautleyan					448.9 *
										Cautleyan	Eastonian				449 *
										Pusgillian					449.3 *
										Pusgillian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
							Vormsi		Caradoc	Streffordian					Onnian †	449.6 *
							Nabala									Johvi †	450 *
				Viru			Rakvere										450.6 *
							Rakvere			Cheneyan							451.5 *
							Oandu			Cheneyan	Gisbornian						452 *
							Oandu			Burrellian							452.7 *
		Sandbian					Keila									Idavere †	453
							Keila								Actonian †		453.2 *
							Haljala								Actonian †		453.9
															Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
															Longvillian †			455.2 *
							Kukruse											456.4 *
										Aurelucian								456.8 *
															Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
							Uhaku								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
							Lasnamagi											458.9 *
							Aseri											460.4 *
							Aseri			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
				Oeland			Kunda											462.9 *
																Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
														Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
							Volkhov											Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Yapeenian									Dapingian	467.3
			Yapeenian						Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
			Castlemainian										468.5 *
			Castlemainian				Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian									Yiyangian	470
													Latorp †					470.1 *
										Whitlandian								471.1 *
			Bendigonian															471.8 *
			Lancefieldian															473.5 *
							Hunneberg											473.7 *
										Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian							Tremadoc	Migneintian		Xinchangian						477.7
										Migneintian					Lianghekou †			477.9 *
										Cressagian								480.8 *
							Varangu											481.3 *
							Pakerort											482.2 *
			Warendian															482.8 *
			Warendian															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Late Cambrian						485.4
																			486.3 *
																			486.5
		Jiangshanian																	489.5
		Paibian																	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Middle Cambrian								497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian								509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																				538.8