PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of North America					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of Britain		Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Serravallian																		11.63
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																		33.9
		Bartonian																		37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Ypresian																		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																		56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian																Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian																Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian																Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian																Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian																Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																Late Albian		100.5
																		Middle Albian		106.2 *
																		Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian																Late Aptian		113
		Aptian																Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian																Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian																Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian																Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian																Late Berriasian		139.8
																		Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian																Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian																Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian																Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian																	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian																Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian																Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian																Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian																Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																Late Toarcian		174.7
																		Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																		Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian																Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian																Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian																Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian																Sevatian		208.5
																		Alaunian		213.2 *
																		Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian																Tuvalian		227
		Carnian																Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																Longobardian		237
		Ladinian																Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian																Illyrian		242
																		Pelsonian		243.8 *
																		Bithynian		244.7 *
																		Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian	307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian			358.9
					Middle Famennian			365.3 *
					Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian			372.2
					Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
					Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian			382.7
					Middle Givetian			383.7 *
					Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian			410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian						Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian		Pirgu					Gamachian	445.2
				Pirgu					Richmondian	446 *
				Vormsi					Richmondian	449.6 *
				Vormsi					Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
				Nabala					Maysvillian		Johvi †	450 *
				Nabala					Edenian			450.4 *
			Viru	Rakvere					Edenian			450.6 *
				Rakvere				Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
				Oandu								452 *
		Sandbian		Keila							Idavere †	453
				Keila					Turinian			453.7 *
				Haljala								453.9
				Kukruse								456.4 *
				Kukruse				Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
				Uhaku							Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku									458.4
				Lasnamagi									458.9 *
				Aseri									460.4 *
			Oeland	Kunda									462.9 *
				Kunda							Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
				Volkhov									Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
									Rangerian					469.1 *
				Billingen					Rangerian					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
											Latorp †				470.1 *
				Hunneberg											473.7 *
									Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean						477.7
						Stairsian			480.3 *
				Varangu		Stairsian			481.3 *
				Varangu		Skullrockian	Demingian †		482 *
				Pakerort			Demingian †		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort								Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															487.5
														Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian												Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †		St Davids		497
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Caerfai	509
	Series 2	Stage 3															514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian															529
																				538.8