PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of France	Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Cenozoic 6		0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Tarantian			Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian													Ionian			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian																Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian																Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian																Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian															Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian																Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian																Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian																Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															Cenozoic 4	Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian															Cenozoic 3	Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian															Cenozoic 2	Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian															Cenozoic 2	Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian																Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian																Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian															Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian															Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian															Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															Cretaceous 4		100.5
		Aptian															Cretaceous 3		113
		Barremian															Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian															Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian															Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian															Cretaceous 1		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian															Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian															Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian															Jurassic 4		168.2
		Aalenian															Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															Jurassic 3		174.7
		Pliensbachian															Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian															Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian															Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian															Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian															Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																	259.51
		Wordian																	264.28
		Roadian															Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian															Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian																	283.5
		Sakmarian																	290.1
		Asselian															Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian															Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Gzhelian	Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian	Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian			315.2
			Huashibanian		318.5 *
			Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1		407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju		Porkuni	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian				Pirgu		Gamachian		445.2
						Pirgu		Richmondian		446 *
						Vormsi		Richmondian		449.6 *
						Vormsi		Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Nabala		Maysvillian			Johvi †	450 *
						Nabala		Edenian				450.4 *
				Viru		Rakvere		Edenian				450.6 *
						Rakvere	Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
						Oandu						452 *
		Sandbian				Keila			Idavere †		Ordovician 4	453
						Keila		Turinian				453.7 *
						Haljala						453.9
						Kukruse						456.4 *
						Kukruse	Whiterockian			Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
						Uhaku			Aluoja †				457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku					Ordovician 3		458.4
						Lasnamagi							458.9 *
						Aseri							460.4 *
				Oeland		Kunda							462.9 *
						Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
						Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian									Ordovician 2			467.3
								Rangerian						469.1 *
						Billingen		Rangerian						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
									Latorp †						470.1 *
						Hunneberg									473.7 *
								Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean			Ordovician 1				477.7
								Stairsian							480.3 *
						Varangu		Stairsian							481.3 *
						Varangu		Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
						Pakerort								Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort								Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Cambrian 5	485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
																	487.5
															Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian													Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian													Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												St Davids		Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian														Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan														Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Caerfai		Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3														Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1											529
																			538.8