PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127681 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Silurian of England		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Devonian Subages	Carboniferous of North America	Carboniferous of China	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian				100.5
													Middle Albian				106.2 *
													Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian				113
		Aptian											Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian				139.8
													Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
													Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian											Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian											Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian											Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Late Toarcian				174.7
													Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
													Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian											Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian											Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian											Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian											Sevatian				208.5
													Alaunian				213.2 *
													Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian											Tuvalian				227
		Carnian											Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											Longobardian				237
		Ladinian											Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian											Illyrian				242
													Pelsonian				243.8 *
													Bithynian				244.7 *
													Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian											Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan											Dienerian				251.2
		Induan											Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Melekhovian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
		Wordian															264.28
		Wordian							Noginskian								264.9 *
		Roadian															266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
		Kungurian							Pavlovoposadian								276.8 *
		Artinskian							Pavlovoposadian								283.5
		Artinskian							Rusavkinian								287.6 *
		Sakmarian															290.1
		Asselian									Bursumian †						293.52
		Asselian									Bursumian †				Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Virgilian						298.9
			Xiaodushanian	300 *
				Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian	Missourian	303.7
						Khamovnikian		304.8
					Cantabrian	Khamovnikian		305 *
			Krevyakinian			Dalaun		305.8 *
			Krevyakinian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian					307
			Myachkovian	Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
			Podolskian		Westphalian D			308.9 *
			Podolskian		Westphalian C			309.8
			Kashirian					311.4 *
			Kashirian				Atokan	312.7 *
			Vereian					313.8
			Vereian		Westphalian B			314.6
			Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian					315.2
			Cheremshanian					316.9 *
					Westphalian A			317 *
							Morrowan	318.4 *
						Huashibanian		318.5 *
			Prikamian					318.6 *
			Prikamian	Namurian	Yeadonian			318.8 *
			Severokeltmian		Yeadonian			319.9 *
			Severokeltmian		Marsdenian			320.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian		Marsdenian	Lousuan		321.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian		Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
			Voznesenian		Kinderscoutian			321.9 *
					Alportian			322 *
					Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian		Chokierian	Chesterian	Dewunian	323.2
			Zapaltjubian		Arnsbergian			324 *
			Protvian					324.4 *
			Steshevian					326.8 *
			Steshevian		Pendleian			327.4 *
			Tarusian					329 *
			Tarusian				Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Venevian	Warnantian	Brigantian †			330.9
			Mikhailovian					331.9 *
			Aleksinian					333.7 *
			Aleksinian				Jiusian	335 *
			Tulian			Meramecian		335.8 *
			Tulian	Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
			Bobrikian	Livian	Asbian †			339.9 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
						Osagean		343.1 *
			Radaevkian					343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	Tangbagouan	Ivorian			346.7
			Kizelian					350.7 *
			Cherepetian			Kinderhookian		351.9 *
			Cherepetian		Hastarian			353.7 *
			Karakubian					354.4 *
			Upinian					356.3 *
			Malevkian					357.6 *
			Gumerovian					358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian					358.9
				Middle Famennian					365.3 *
				Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian					372.2
				Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
				Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian					382.7
				Middle Givetian					383.7 *
				Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian					387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian					390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian					393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian					398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian					410.8
				Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
									Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
									Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	Gleedonian	Rootsikula	427.4
				Wych					Woolhope		Rootsikula	428.4 *
											Jaagarahu	429.2 *
										Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian									Jaani	433.4
											Adavere	434 *
												436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
				Cowleigh Park								439.3 *
											Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian									Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian									Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju							Porkuni			443.8
		Katian									Pirgu			445.2
											Vormsi			449.6 *
											Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
				Viru							Rakvere				450.6 *
											Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian									Keila			Idavere †	453
											Haljala				453.9
											Kukruse				456.4 *
											Uhaku			Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Uhaku				458.4
											Lasnamagi				458.9 *
											Aseri				460.4 *
				Oeland							Kunda				462.9 *
											Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
											Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian									Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian									Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
							Latorp †								470.1 *
											Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian									Hunneberg				477.7
											Varangu				481.3 *
											Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Pakerort				485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													486.3 *
																	486.5