PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian Subages of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of China	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian							Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian							Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian							Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
										Monroecreekian					23.1 *
										Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian								Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian													37
		Bartonian													37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian									To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian									To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian		100.5
													Middle Albian		106.2 *
													Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian		113
		Aptian											Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
													Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
													Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
			Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian	208.5
			Alaunian	213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian		Leine		264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian	Leine		264.9 *
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian			283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
							Xiaodushanian	300 *
						Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian						303.7
			Khamovnikian						304.8
			Khamovnikian					Cantabrian	305 *
			Krevyakinian				Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian						307
			Myachkovian			Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
			Podolskian					Westphalian D	308.9 *
			Podolskian					Westphalian C	309.8
			Kashirian						311.4 *
			Vereian						313.8
			Vereian					Westphalian B	314.6
			Melekessian						314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian						315.2
			Cheremshanian						316.9 *
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Huashibanian		318.5 *
			Prikamian						318.6 *
			Prikamian			Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
			Severokeltmian					Yeadonian	319.9 *
			Severokeltmian					Marsdenian	320.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian				Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
			Voznesenian					Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian				Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
			Zapaltjubian					Arnsbergian	324 *
			Protvian						324.4 *
			Steshevian						326.8 *
			Steshevian					Pendleian	327.4 *
			Tarusian						329 *
			Tarusian				Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean	Venevian			Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
			Mikhailovian						331.9 *
			Aleksinian						333.7 *
			Aleksinian				Jiusian		335 *
			Tulian						335.8 *
			Tulian			Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
			Bobrikian			Livian		Asbian †	339.9 *
			Bobrikian			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Radaevkian			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian			Tangbagouan	Ivorian		346.7
			Kizelian						350.7 *
			Cherepetian						351.9 *
			Cherepetian				Hastarian		353.7 *
			Karakubian						354.4 *
			Upinian		356.3 *
			Malevkian		357.6 *
			Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian		Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani			433.4
		Telychian		Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju			Porkuni			443.8
		Katian					Pirgu			445.2
							Vormsi			449.6 *
							Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
				Viru			Rakvere				450.6 *
							Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian					Keila			Idavere †	453
							Haljala				453.9
							Kukruse				456.4 *
							Uhaku			Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku				458.4
							Lasnamagi				458.9 *
							Aseri				460.4 *
				Oeland			Kunda				462.9 *
							Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg					477.7
							Varangu					481.3 *
							Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort					485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										486.3 *
															486.5