PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian of the Pamirs	Ordovician of Britain			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Gelasian									Early Pleistocene						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	Villanyian		Tertiary †		Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene					Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	Turolian					5.333
		Tortonian										Turolian					7.246
												Vallesian					8.7
												Vallesian				Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene	Astaracian				Tunggurian	11.63
		Langhian									Middle Miocene	Astaracian				Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene	Orleanian				Shanwangian	15.98
												Orleanian				Xiejiaan	16.9
												Agenian					20
		Aquitanian										Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Early Oligocene						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene						33.9
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian									Middle Eocene						41.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene						56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Dorashamian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Dzhulfian						Zechstein		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian						Rotliegendes				259.51
		Wordian					Midian										264.28
		Wordian					Murgabian										266.2 *
		Roadian					Murgabian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian										273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian	Autunian	283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian				Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
						Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
						Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
						Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
						Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian				Keila				Idavere †	453
						Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
						Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
									Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †			455.2 *
						Kukruse						456.4 *
								Aurelucian				456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
						Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
						Lasnamagi						458.9 *
						Aseri						460.4 *
						Aseri		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
					Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
						Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
						Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian											467.3
							Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
						Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
										Latorp †			470.1 *
								Whitlandian					471.1 *
						Hunneberg		Whitlandian					473.7 *
								Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
			Cressagian	480.8 *
				Varangu		481.3 *
				Pakerort		482.2 *
							485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
								486.3 *
								486.5
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †		497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †			504.5
																	509