PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian of the Salt Range	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran							Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Tarantian			0.0117
		Chibanian													Ionian			0.129
		Chibanian								Castlecliffian					Ionian			0.34
		Calabrian								Castlecliffian								0.774
		Calabrian								Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian								2.58
		Piacenzian								Waipipian								3
		Zanclean								Waipipian								3.6
		Zanclean								Opoitian								3.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian								Tongaporutuan								7.246
		Tortonian							Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian								Waiauan							Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Serravallian								Lillburnian								13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian								13.82
										Clifdenian								15.1
									Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian								Altonian								15.98
		Burdigalian								Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian								Otaian								20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian							Cenozoic 4	23.03
										Duntroonian								25.2
										Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															Cenozoic 3	33.9
									Arnold	Runangan								34.6
										Kaiatan								36.7
		Bartonian								Kaiatan								37.71
		Bartonian								Bortonian								39.1
		Lutetian								Bortonian							Cenozoic 2	41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
										Heretaungan								45.7
		Ypresian								Heretaungan								47.8
										Mangaorapan								48.9
										Waipawan								52
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian							Cenozoic 1	56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian							Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Haumurian							Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Piripauan							Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
										Mangaotanean								90.5
										Arowhanan								93.7
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Arowhanan							Cretaceous 5	93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian								95.2
										Motuan								99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian			Motuan							Cretaceous 4	100.5
							Late Albian			Urutawan								103.3
							Middle Albian			Urutawan								106.2 *
							Middle Albian		Taitai	Korangan								108.4
							Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian										Cretaceous 3	113
							Late Aptian											117.5
							Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian		139.8
			Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
			Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian			Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4	Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian				Permian 3	Amb	266.9
		Roadian				Permian 3		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †		Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian		Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian		Carboniferous 4	307
		Moscovian				Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian		Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian		Carboniferous 2	330.9
						Meramecian			335.8 *
						Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean		Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian		Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju	Porkuni			Kosovian	Ordovician 5	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian			Pirgu			Kralodvorian		Bolindian	Bohdalec †	445.2
					Pirgu					Eastonian		449 *
					Vormsi							449.6 *
					Vormsi			Berounian				449.7 *
					Nabala							Johvi †	450 *
				Viru	Rakvere								450.6 *
					Oandu					Gisbornian			452 *
		Sandbian			Keila				Idavere †			Ordovician 4	453
					Haljala								453.9
					Haljala								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Kukruse										456.4 *
					Uhaku				Aluoja †						457.5 *
											Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Ordovician 3		Darriwilian			458.4
								Dobrotivian							458.5 *
					Lasnamagi			Dobrotivian							458.9 *
					Lasnamagi			Oretanian							459.7 *
					Aseri										460.4 *
					Aseri						Sarka †				461.7 *
			Oeland	Kunda	462.9 *
				Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
				Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka						467.1 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †	Ordovician 2	Yapeenian			467.3
								Arenigian				Yapeenian			468
												Castlemainian			468.5 *
				Billingen								Castlemainian			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										Chewtonian			470
					Latorp †							Chewtonian			470.1 *
												Bendigonian			471.8 *
												Lancefieldian			473.5 *
				Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg			Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	477.7
				Varangu							481.3 *
				Pakerort							482.2 *
											Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Cambrian 5				485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian	Albertian †				Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian								Marjumian					Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan								Topazan					Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4								Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3				Cambrian 2				Dyeran					514
										Montezuman					514.8 *
										Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1									529
																		538.8