PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of North America			Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean										Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian										Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
												Hemingfordian							16.3
												Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
												Whitneyan							29.5
												Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian							47.8
												Wasatchian							50.5
												Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian										Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Oteke	Puaroan								145
		Kimmeridgian								Oteke	Puaroan								149.2
										Kawhia	Ohauan								150
											Heterian								154.5
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Callovian									Temaikan								164.3
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras												168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Planulata			179.3 *
			Planulata			Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense				181.3 *
			Carlottense				182.3 *
			Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae				184.2
			Freboldi				185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Aratauran			188.9
								189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian						192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian				Oretian		227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian			249
		Induan				Nelsonian			251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian				Barettian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266
		Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian			283.5
						Telfordian			285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
									Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
									Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian								Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian									Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
											Raikkula		439.4 *
									Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
		Rhuddanian									Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju		Porkuni					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu						Gamachian	445.2
			Richmondian	446 *					Pirgu
			Richmondian	Vormsi					449.6 *
			Maysvillian	Vormsi					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian						449.8 *
			Maysvillian	Nabala											Johvi †	450 *
			Edenian	Nabala												450.4 *
			Edenian	Viru			Rakvere									450.6 *
			Mohawkian				Rakvere							Chatfieldian		451.1 *
							Oandu									452 *
		Sandbian					Keila								Idavere †	453
							Keila							Turinian		453.7 *
							Haljala									453.9
							Kukruse									456.4 *
			Whiterockian				Kukruse							Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
							Uhaku								Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku										458.4
							Lasnamagi										458.9 *
							Aseri										460.4 *
				Oeland			Kunda										462.9 *
							Kunda								Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
							Volkhov										Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian																467.3
									Rangerian									469.1 *
							Billingen	469.3 *	Rangerian
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian					Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †							Cassinian †		470
															Latorp †			470.1 *
							Hunneberg											473.7 *
					Tulean	473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean	477.7
					Stairsian	480.3 *
					Stairsian	Varangu	481.3 *
					Skullrockian	Varangu	Demingian †	482 *
						Pakerort	Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort									485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
																			487.5