PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of North America				Carboniferous of Western Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian					Cenozoic 5										11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Cenozoic 4										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Cenozoic 3										33.9
		Bartonian					Cenozoic 3										37.71
		Lutetian					Cenozoic 2										41.2
		Ypresian					Cenozoic 2										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cenozoic 1										56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian					Cretaceous 7						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian					Cretaceous 6						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Cretaceous 4						Late Albian				100.5
													Middle Albian				106.2 *
													Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3						Late Aptian				113
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3						Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian					Cretaceous 2						Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian					Cretaceous 1						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian				139.8
													Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
													Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian					Jurassic 6						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5						Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian					Jurassic 4						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian											Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian											Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian					Jurassic 3						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Late Toarcian				174.7
													Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
													Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian					Jurassic 1						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian					Jurassic 1						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4										201.4
		Norian											Sevatian				208.5
													Alaunian				213.2 *
													Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian					Triassic 3						Tuvalian				227
		Carnian					Triassic 3						Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
		Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3		Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
						Filipovian	276.5 *
						Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
						Irginian	285.9 *
						Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1		Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
						Surenian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
									Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
									Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian								Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian									Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian										438.5
				Alexandrian								438.7 *
											Raikkula	439.4 *
									Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
		Rhuddanian									Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni					Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian		Pirgu									445.2
				Vormsi									449.6 *
				Nabala									Johvi †	450 *
			Viru	Rakvere										450.6 *
				Oandu										452 *
		Sandbian		Keila					Idavere †				Ordovician 4	453
				Haljala										453.9
				Kukruse										456.4 *
				Uhaku					Aluoja †					457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku									Ordovician 3	458.4
				Lasnamagi										458.9 *
				Aseri										460.4 *
			Oeland	Kunda	462.9 *
				Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
				Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka			467.1 *
		Dapingian		Volkhov					Ordovician 2				467.3
		Dapingian		Billingen									469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
					Latorp †								470.1 *
				Hunneberg									473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg					Ordovician 1				477.7
				Varangu									481.3 *
				Pakerort									482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort					Cambrian 5				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Cambrian 4				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian													Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan							Cambrian 3				Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †					Delamaran	Branchian	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3					Cambrian 2		514				Dyeran
									Montezuman				514.8 *
									Montezuman				Placentian	517.1
									Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					Cambrian 1							529
																	538.8