PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127308 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean					Cenozoic 6	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian					Cudahyan/Sappan					Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian					Cudahyan/Sappan					Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian					Senecan/Rexroadian					Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Clarendonian					Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Serravallian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Hemingfordian						16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															Cenozoic 4	23.03
								Monroecreekian										23.1 *
								Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian						Geringian										27.82
												Whitneyan						29.5
												Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Chadronian					Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan					Uintan					Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bridgerian						47.8
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Wasatchian						50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Clarkforkian					Cenozoic 1	56
		Thanetian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1			Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian							To3/To2/To1			Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian							Cretaceous 4	100.5
										Middle Albian								106.2 *
										Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian							Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian								Early Aptian							Cretaceous 3	119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian							Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian								139.8
										Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
										Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras				168.2
			Late Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.4
			Early Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
					Planulata					179.3 *
										Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
					Kanense						181.3 *
					Carlottense						182.3 *
			Early Toarcian		Carlottense						182.9 *
			Early Toarcian		Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Kunae	Jurassic 2					184.2
					Freboldi						185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1							192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras			196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					Triassic 3		227
		Carnian	Julian					Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian							243.8 *
			Bithynian							244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian					Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian					Permian 1	293.52
		Asselian					Permian 1	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5	Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4		Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
				Alportian					322 *
				Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian			Carboniferous 3		323.2
				Arnsbergian					324 *
				Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian			Brigantian †	Carboniferous 2	330.9
				Livian			Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian				Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian				Carboniferous 1	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian						Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian						Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Silurian 1	433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill			Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Cautleyan					448.9 *
								Pusgillian					449.3 *
					Caradoc			Streffordian					Onnian †	449.6 *
								Streffordian			Berounian			449.7 *
								Cheneyan						451.5 *
								Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian							Ordovician 4					453
			Actonian †										453.2 *
			Marshbrookian †										Woolstonian †	454.2 *
			Longvillian †											455.2 *
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Aurelucian								456.8 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian													457.4 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian									Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				Ordovician 3							458.4
											Dobrotivian					458.5 *
											Oretanian					459.7 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn											461.3 *
												Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian							Ordovician 2			Klabava †				467.3
											Arenigian					468
			Arenig		Fennian											468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian											470
					Whitlandian											471.1 *
					Moridunian											474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian				Ordovician 1		Tremadocian					477.7
			Tremadoc		Cressagian											480.8 *
																485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Cambrian 4							497
		Drumian							Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan							Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							Cambrian 1							529
																		538.8