PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of China			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean												0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean												0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean												0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian												0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian												0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan												1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian												4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian												9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian												11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
							Hemingfordian												16.3
							Arikareean												18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
		Rupelian									Kekeamuan								27.82
							Whitneyan												29.5
							Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian					Bumbanian							47.8
							Wasatchian												50.5
							Clarkforkian												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian				Gashatan								56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian				Gashatan								56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian												59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian												61.6
		Danian					Puercan												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian															Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																	Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																		Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Callovian																Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Dorashamian	Buntsandstein		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	Dorashamian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Dzhulfian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Dzhulfian			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian	Aparima	Flettian	Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian			Flettian	Leine		264.28
					Barettian			266
			Murgabian					266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian					273.01
			Kubergandian		Mangapirian			276
			Bolorian					279.8
		Artinskian						283.5
					Telfordian			285
			Yakhtashian		Telfordian			286
			Yakhtashian					288.5
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	Chientangkiangian			445.2
								Cautleyan				448.9 *
								Pusgillian				449.3 *
								Pusgillian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
							Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan					451.5 *
								Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian				Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Guniu †/Hulo		461.3 *
											Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian								Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian					Arenig	Fennian		Dapingian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian		Yiyangian				470
								Whitlandian						471.1 *
								Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Migneintian		Xinchangian				Ungurian	477.7
								Migneintian				Lianghekou †			477.9 *
								Cressagian							480.8 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian															489.5
															Aksaian		490.7 *
															Sakian		492.2 *
																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				494										Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian				Albertian †					Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian														499.5
		Drumian													Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian													Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan				Topazan									Tuesaian	504.5
						Topazan										505.3
				Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Waucoban †	509
						Toyonian				510 *
			Dyeran	511 *		Toyonian
				Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3				514
			Montezuman			514.8 *
			Montezuman	Atdabanian		515.6 *
			Begadean	Atdabanian		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		521
		Stage 2				525.5
		Fortunian				529
																			538.8