PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Britain				North American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan					Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean			Late Pleistocene	0.014
				Chibanian					Rancholabrean			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian					Irvingtonian			Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian					Irvingtonian			Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian					Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian							MN 17		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							MN 16	Late Pliocene	2.58
				Piacenzian							MN 15	Late Pliocene	3.2
				Zanclean							MN 15	Early Pliocene	3.6
											MN 14		4.2
									Hemphillian		MN 14		4.7
											MN 13		4.9
			Miocene	Messinian							MN 13	Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian							MN 12		7.246
											MN 11		7.75
											MN 10		8.7
									Clarendonian		MN 10		9.4
											MN 9		9.7
											MN 7 + 8		11.1
				Serravallian								Middle Miocene	11.63
									Barstovian				12.5
											MN 6		12.8 *
				Langhian							MN 5		13.82
				Burdigalian							MN 4	Early Miocene	15.98
									Hemingfordian		MN 4		16.3
									Hemingfordian		MN 3		16.9
									Arikareean		MN 3		18.5
											MN 2		20
				Aquitanian							MN 2		20.44
				Aquitanian							MN 1		22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene	23.03
				Rupelian								Early Oligocene	27.82
									Whitneyan				29.5
									Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian			Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian					Duchesnean			Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian					Duchesnean			Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian					Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian					Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian					Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian					Bridgerian			Early Eocene	47.8
									Wasatchian				50.5
									Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian			Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian					Tiffanian			Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian					Tiffanian			Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian					Torrejonian			Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian					Torrejonian			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian					Puercan			Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
			Kimmeridgian	149.2
			Oxfordian	154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense		181.3 *
				Carlottense		182.3 *
				Kunae		183.5 *
			Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
				Freboldi		185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian				192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
			Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Melekhovian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Wordian				Noginskian	264.9 *
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Kungurian				Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
			Artinskian				Pavlovoposadian	283.5
			Artinskian				Rusavkinian	287.6 *
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian	303.7
							Khamovnikian	304.8
							Krevyakinian	305.8 *
			Moscovian				Myachkovian	307
							Podolskian	308.9 *
							Kashirian	311.4 *
							Vereian	313.8
							Melekessian	314.8
			Bashkirian				Melekessian	315.2
							Cheremshanian	316.9 *
							Prikamian	318.6 *
							Severokeltmian	319.9 *
							Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
							Voznesenian	321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Zapaltjubian	323.2
							Protvian	324.4 *
							Steshevian	326.8 *
							Tarusian	329 *
			Visean				Venevian	330.9
							Mikhailovian	331.9 *
							Aleksinian	333.7 *
							Tulian	335.8 *
							Bobrikian	339.9 *
							Radaevkian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian				Kosvian	346.7
							Kizelian	350.7 *
							Cherepetian	351.9 *
							Karakubian	354.4 *
							Upinian	356.3 *
							Malevkian	357.6 *
							Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian			425.6		Paadla
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian	Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
Rhuddanian			440.8	Raikkula
Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		Rawtheyan		445.2
				Cautleyan		448.9 *
				Pusgillian		449.3 *
			Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †		449.6 *
				Cheneyan				451.5 *
				Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian						453
						Actonian †		453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †			455.2 *
				Aurelucian		Longvillian †			456.8 *
				Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian					470
				Whitlandian					471.1 *
				Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian					480.8 *
									485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								1000
		Ectasian								1200
		Calymmian								1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian								1600
		Orosirian								1800
		Rhyacian								2050
		Siderian					2300
Archean	Neoarchean						2500
	Mesoarchean						2800
	Paleoarchean						3200
	Eoarchean						3600
Hadean							4000
													4600