PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of England		Carboniferous of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Nihewanian				Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Yushean				Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean							Yushean				Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean							Baodean				Early Pliocene					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian							Tunggurian									11.1
		Serravallian							Tunggurian				Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian							Shanwangian				Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian							Shanwangian				Early Miocene					15.98
		Burdigalian							Xiejiaan									16.9
		Aquitanian							Xiejiaan									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian					Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan						Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																259.51
		Wordian																264.28
		Roadian																266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																273.01
		Artinskian																283.5
		Sakmarian																290.1
		Asselian										Bursumian †						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Virgilian						298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian				425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Telychian				436.3 *
		Aeronian				438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill		Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan			Gamachian	445.2
						Rawtheyan			Richmondian	446 *
						Cautleyan				448.9 *
						Pusgillian				449.3 *
				Caradoc		Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
						Cheneyan						451.5 *
						Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
										Actonian †		453.2 *
									Turinian	Actonian †		453.7 *
										Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †			455.2 *
						Aurelucian							456.8 *
								Whiterockian			Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn								458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								467.3
				Arenig		Fennian								468.4 *
									Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
						Whitlandian			Blackhillsian						471.1 *
						Whitlandian			Tulean						473.9 *
						Moridunian									474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc		Migneintian									477.7
						Migneintian			Stairsian						480.3 *
						Cressagian			Stairsian						480.8 *
						Cressagian			Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
														Demingian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian													Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian													Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan													Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan													Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4													Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	514												Dyeran
			Montezuman												514.8 *
			Begadean												519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																		538.8