PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Tarantian		Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian					Ionian		Middle Pleistocene		Sheridanian					0.129
											Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
														Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene							0.774
											Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
														Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene					Vorohuean		2.58
		Piacenzian							Late Pliocene					Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene					Chapadmalalan		3.6
														Montehermosan		3.7 *
											Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan		4.7
														Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
														Chasicoan		7.9 *
											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan		9.4
														Mayoan		9.9 *
														Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene							11.63
											late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
														Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian												Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian												Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene					Friasian		15.98
														Santacrucian		16.2 *
											Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian		16.3
											Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
											late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene							23.03
												Monroecreekian				23.1 *
												Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene							27.82
														Tinguirirican		28.9 *
																29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
											Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan		35.9 *
																37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene							37.71
		Bartonian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
														Mustersan		41.9 *
											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene							47.8
														Casamayoran		47.9 *
											Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican		56
													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican		56.2
														Itaboraian		56.9 *
														Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian							Early Paleocene							61.6
														Tiupampan		62.4 *
													Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan	150
				Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Barettian	266
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
																485 *