PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian Epochs	Devonian of Germany		Permian of the Russian Platform		Ordovician of the Baltic			North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian													Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian													Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
				Zanclean														3.6
				Zanclean													Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian													Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian													Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian													Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
				Rupelian														27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian													Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian													Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian													Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian													Bridgerian	47.8
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian													Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian													Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian													Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian													Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian													Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Pliensbachian														184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
			Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Midian	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian		Midian	264.28
			Wordian	Urzhumian		Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Kubergandian	273.01
					Filipovian	Kubergandian	276.5 *
					Filipovian	Bolorian	279.8
					Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Irginian	Yakhtashian	286
					Burtsevian	Yakhtashian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	Sakmarian	290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	Sakmarian	291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Asselian	293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
			Pragian				Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill		Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian							Rawtheyan		Pirgu	445.2
										Cautleyan			448.9 *
										Pusgillian			449.3 *
								Caradoc		Streffordian		Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
											Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
										Cheneyan			Rakvere		451.5 *
										Cheneyan			Oandu		452 *
										Burrellian			Oandu		452.7 *
			Sandbian										Keila	Idavere †	453
												Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
												Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
												Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †				455.2 *
													Kukruse			456.4 *
Aurelucian										456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					457.4 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Uhaku		458.4
													Lasnamagi		458.9 *
													Aseri		460.4 *
								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Aseri		461.3 *
											Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
													Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
													Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian														467.3
			Arenig					Fennian								468.4 *
													Billingen			469.3 *
Early Ordovician		Floian														470
														Latorp †		470.1 *
								Whitlandian								471.1 *
								Whitlandian					Hunneberg			473.7 *
								Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc					Migneintian								477.7
								Cressagian								480.8 *
													Varangu			481.3 *
				Pakerort	482.2 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Late Cambrian							485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Middle Cambrian							497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												1000
		Ectasian												1200
		Calymmian												1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian												1600
		Orosirian												1800
		Rhyacian												2050
		Siderian							2300
Archean	Neoarchean								2500
	Mesoarchean								2800
	Paleoarchean								3200
	Eoarchean								3600
Hadean									4000
																		4600