PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian Epochs	Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6					0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian											Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian								Cenozoic 5					11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Cenozoic 4					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Cenozoic 4					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Cenozoic 3					33.9
		Bartonian								Cenozoic 3					37.71
		Lutetian								Cenozoic 2					41.2
		Ypresian								Cenozoic 2					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cenozoic 1					56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8					66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7					72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6					83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian		Cretaceous 4					100.5
								Middle Albian							106.2 *
								Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3					113
		Aptian						Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3					119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2					125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian							139.8
								Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
								Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6					145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5					149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian							174.7
								Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
								Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2					184.2
		Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian						Sevatian							208.5
								Alaunian							213.2 *
								Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian						Tuvalian		Triassic 3					227
		Carnian						Julian		Triassic 3					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5	Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3		Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill			Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan			445.2
							Cautleyan			448.9 *
							Pusgillian			449.3 *
				Caradoc			Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan				451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian						Ordovician 4	453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Ordovician 3		458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Ordovician 3		461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Ordovician 2		467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig			Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian				470
							Whitlandian				471.1 *
							Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc			Migneintian		Ordovician 1		477.7
				Tremadoc			Cressagian				480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian		Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian		Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian									Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan									Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Early Cambrian			Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran								Cambrian 2	514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									Cambrian 1	529
															538.8