PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
																Irvingtonian	0.21
														Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian															0.774
																Blancan	1.4
														Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian												Waipipian			3
		Zanclean												Waipipian			3.6
														Opoitian			3.7
														Opoitian		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
																Clarendonian	9.4
													Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian															11.63
																Barstovian	12.5
														Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian			13.82
														Clifdenian			15.1
													Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
																Hemingfordian	16.3
																Arikareean	18.5
														Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian												Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian			23.03
														Duntroonian			25.2
														Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian														Chadronian	33.9
													Arnold	Runangan			34.6
														Kaiatan			36.7
																Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian															37.71
														Bortonian			39.1
																Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
														Heretaungan			45.7
																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian															47.8
														Mangaorapan			48.9
														Mangaorapan		Wasatchian	50.5
														Waipawan		Wasatchian	52
														Waipawan		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Teurian		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian														Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian														Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian														Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian														Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	Srbsko	382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	Chotec	387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian		390.3 *	Chotec
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian		Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill				Hirnantian	Kosovian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
								Cautleyan				448.9 *
								Cautleyan		Eastonian		449 *
								Pusgillian				449.3 *
			Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †				449.6 *
				Streffordian					Berounian			449.7 *
				Cheneyan								451.5 *
				Cheneyan						Gisbornian		452 *
				Burrellian								452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
								Actonian †				453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †				Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †					455.2 *
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Aurelucian											456.8 *
								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							457.4 *
								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						Darriwilian					458.4
									Dobrotivian						458.5 *
									Oretanian						459.7 *
				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn											461.3 *
											Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †	Yapeenian				467.3
									Arenigian						468
			Arenig	Fennian											468.4 *
											Castlemainian				468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Chewtonian				470
				Whitlandian		471.1 *					Chewtonian
						Bendigonian					471.8 *
						Lancefieldian					473.5 *
				Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian					Tremadocian		477.7
				Cressagian							480.8 *
				Cressagian		Warendian					482.8 *
						Warendian					485 *
																	485.4