PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127681 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America		Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian Subages	Carboniferous of North America	Carboniferous of China	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian				100.5
														Middle Albian				106.2 *
														Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian				113
		Aptian												Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian				139.8
														Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
														Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian												Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian												Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian												Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Late Toarcian				174.7
														Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
														Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian												Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian												Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian												Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian												Sevatian				208.5
														Alaunian				213.2 *
														Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian												Tuvalian				227
		Carnian												Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												Longobardian				237
		Ladinian												Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian												Illyrian				242
														Pelsonian				243.8 *
														Bithynian				244.7 *
														Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian												Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan												Dienerian				251.2
		Induan												Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																259.51
		Wordian																264.28
		Roadian																266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																273.01
		Artinskian																283.5
		Sakmarian																290.1
		Asselian										Bursumian †						293.52
		Asselian										Bursumian †				Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian					Virgilian						298.9
													Xiaodushanian					300 *
																Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
																	Stephanian B	300.9 *
			Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Stephanian A	Missourian	303.7
			Cantabrian		305 *
					Dalaun	305.8 *
				Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
				Atokan			Westphalian C	312.7 *
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
				Morrowan				318.4 *
					Huashibanian			318.5 *
			Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Lousuan		Marsdenian	321.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	Chesterian	Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
						Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Warnantian		Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Jiusian		335 *
					Meramecian			335.8 *
				Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Moliniacian	Osagean		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	Osagean	Ivorian		346.7
					Kinderhookian	Ivorian		351.9 *
					Kinderhookian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian					358.9
				Middle Famennian					365.3 *
				Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian					372.2
				Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
				Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian					382.7
				Middle Givetian					383.7 *
				Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian					387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian					390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian					393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian					398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian					410.8
				Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	Rootsikula	427.4
									Gleedonian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
									Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Jaani	433.4
		Telychian								Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian								Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian								Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian								Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan		445.2
											Cautleyan		448.9 *
											Pusgillian		449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan			451.5 *
											Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian												453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian								Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Fennian				470
											Whitlandian				471.1 *
											Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian								Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
										Tremadoc	Cressagian				480.8 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian								Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Marjumian									500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan									504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran			514
			Montezuman			514.8 *
			Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																		538.8