PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America	Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Germany
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Bartonian																Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian																					41.2
		Ypresian																	Bumbanian				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																Gashatan					56
		Selandian																					59.2
		Danian																					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																					66
		Campanian																					72.1
		Santonian																					83.6
		Coniacian																					86.3
		Turonian																					89.8
		Cenomanian																					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																					100.5
		Aptian																					113
		Barremian																					121.4
		Hauterivian																					125.77
		Valanginian																					132.6
		Berriasian																					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																					145
		Kimmeridgian																					149.2
		Oxfordian																					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																					161.5
		Bathonian																					165.3
		Bajocian																					168.2
		Aalenian																					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																					174.7
		Pliensbachian																					184.2
		Sinemurian																					192.9
		Hettangian																					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																					201.4
		Norian																					208.5
		Carnian																					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																					259.51
		Wordian																					264.28
		Roadian																					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																					273.01
		Artinskian																					283.5
		Sakmarian																					290.1
		Asselian																			Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian														Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian																			Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian																			Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian														Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian														Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian														Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian														Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian														Chesterian		323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian														Chesterian		330.9
																					Meramecian		335.8 *
																					Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian														Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian														Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian																				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian																				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian																				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian	Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian	Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill		Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan				Pirgu	445.2
					Cautleyan					448.9 *
					Pusgillian					449.3 *
			Caradoc		Streffordian				Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
					Cheneyan					Rakvere		451.5 *
					Cheneyan					Oandu		452 *
					Burrellian					Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
									Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
									Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
									Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †				455.2 *
										Kukruse			456.4 *
					Aurelucian								456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Uhaku			458.4
										Lasnamagi			458.9 *
										Aseri			460.4 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Aseri			461.3 *
								Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
										Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
			Arenig		Fennian									468.4 *
										Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
											Latorp †			470.1 *
					Whitlandian									471.1 *
					Whitlandian					Hunneberg				473.7 *
					Moridunian									474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian									477.7
					Cressagian									480.8 *
										Varangu				481.3 *
										Pakerort				482.2 *
														Mansian †	483.55 *
														Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																				486.3 *
								486.5
								Sunwaptan												487.5
		Jiangshanian														Jiangshanian				489.5
											Aksaian									490.7 *
											Sakian									492.2 *
								Steptoean												493 *
		Paibian														Paibian				494
				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian											494.7 *
				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian											Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian										Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †		497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian										Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian										Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan										Wuliuan/Taijangian		Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan												Wuliuan/Taijangian		Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Duyunian			Waucoban †		509
				Toyonian				Lenian †											510 *
				Toyonian												Dyeran			511 *
				Botomian															512.5 *
		Stage 3												Nangaoian					514
																Montezuman			514.8 *
				Atdabanian												Montezuman			515.6 *
				Atdabanian												Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		Meishucunian								521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †						529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian		Manykaian †						530.7
																							538.8