PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cambrian of West Avalonia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian Epochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean						0
				Meghalayan						Santarosean						0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene				Lujanian			0.0117
				Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean						0.014
				Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean						0.129
										Irvingtonian						0.21
													Ensenadan			0.3 *
				Calabrian					Early Pleistocene							0.774
										Blancan						1.4
													Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
				Gelasian									Sanandresian			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene				Vorohuean			2.58
				Piacenzian					Late Pliocene				Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
				Zanclean					Early Pliocene				Chapadmalalan			3.6
													Montehermosan			3.7 *
										Hemphillian			Montehermosan			4.7
													Huayquerian			4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene							5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
													Chasicoan			7.9 *
										Clarendonian			Chasicoan			9.4
													Mayoan			9.9 *
													Laventan			10.9 *
				Serravallian					Middle Miocene							11.63
										Barstovian						12.5
													Colloncuran			13.7 *
				Langhian									Colloncuran			13.82
				Langhian									Friasian			15.4 *
				Burdigalian					Early Miocene				Friasian			15.98
													Santacrucian			16.2 *
										Hemingfordian			Santacrucian			16.3
										Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
										Arikareean						18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
				Aquitanian									Deseadan			20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene							23.03
				Rupelian					Early Oligocene							27.82
													Tinguirirican			28.9 *
										Whitneyan						29.5
										Orellan						31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene	Chadronian						33.9
										Chadronian			Divisaderan			35.9 *
										Duchesnean						37
				Bartonian					Middle Eocene	Duchesnean						37.71
				Bartonian						Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian												41.2
													Mustersan			41.9 *
										Bridgerian						46.2
				Ypresian					Early Eocene							47.8
													Casamayoran			47.9 *
										Wasatchian						50.5
										Clarkforkian						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian			Riochican			56
										Tiffanian			Riochican			56.2
													Itaboraian			56.9 *
													Peligran			58.9 *
				Selandian					Middle Paleocene							59.2
				Selandian					Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian						60.9
				Danian					Early Paleocene							61.6
													Tiupampan			62.4 *
										Puercan			Tiupampan			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
Campanian				72.1
Santonian				83.6
Coniacian				86.3
Turonian				89.8
Cenomanian				93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian	100.5
			Aptian	113
			Barremian	121.4
			Hauterivian	125.77
			Valanginian	132.6
			Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
			Kimmeridgian	149.2
			Oxfordian	154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean	Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien		Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
			Pragian			Siegen	407.6
			Pragian	Coblencien		Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine		Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian							453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
			Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
			Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
			Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
							Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
											485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian								497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Branchian								Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 3	Branchian									514
		Stage 3	Placentian									517.1
Terreneuvian		Stage 2										521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																1400