PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of China		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian											Lujanian				0.129
													Ensenadan				0.3 *
																Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian														Castlecliffian	0.774
																Nukumaruan	1.63
													Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian															1.8
		Gelasian														Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Vorohuean				2.58
													Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
																Waipipian	3
		Zanclean														Waipipian	3.6
													Montehermosan			Opoitian	3.7 *
													Huayquerian			Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian														Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
													Chasicoan				7.9 *
													Mayoan				9.9 *
													Laventan				10.9 *
															Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian														Waiauan	11.63
																Lillburnian	13.05
													Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian															13.82
																Clifdenian	15.1
													Friasian			Clifdenian	15.4 *
															Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
													Santacrucian				16.2 *
													Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
																Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian															20.44
													Deseadan				20.9 *
															Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Waitakian	23.03
																Duntroonian	25.2
																Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian											Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
															Arnold	Runangan	34.6
													Divisaderan			Runangan	35.9 *
																Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian														Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian														Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian															41.2
													Mustersan				41.9 *
															Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
																Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian															47.8
													Casamayoran				47.9 *
																Mangaorapan	48.9
																Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Riochican			Teurian	56
													Itaboraian				56.9 *
													Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian											Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic		Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian				Korangan	113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
			Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chokierian					323.2
			Arnsbergian					324 *
			Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						West Fallsian/Sonyean	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan					445.2
					Cautleyan					448.9 *
					Pusgillian					449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian					Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan						451.5 *
					Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian					Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian							468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian							470
					Whitlandian							471.1 *
					Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian							477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian							480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian										Paibian		494
		Paibian										Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian										Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan										Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3										Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian										Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian										Jinnigian		530.7
																	538.8