PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127731 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of North America						Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																				Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian																				Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian																				Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian																				Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																				Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																				Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																				Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian																				Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian																				Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian																				Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian																				Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian																				Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																				Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																				Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																				Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian																				Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian																				Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian																				Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																				Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian																				Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian																				Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian																Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian																Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian																Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian																Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian																Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																Late Albian					100.5
																		Middle Albian					106.2 *
																		Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian																Late Aptian					113
		Aptian																Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian																Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian																Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian																Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian																Late Berriasian					139.8
																		Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Oteke	Puaroan				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian																Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
													Kawhia	Ohauan				Late Kimmeridgian					150
														Ohauan				Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
														Heterian				Early Kimmeridgian					154.5
		Oxfordian																Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian																	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Callovian												Temaikan				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					164.3
		Bathonian																Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian																Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian																Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian																Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																Late Toarcian					174.7
													Herangi	Ururoan				Late Toarcian					176
																		Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
																		Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian																Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Pliensbachian												Aratauran				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					188.9
		Sinemurian																Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian																Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											Balfour	Otapirian									201.4
		Norian												Warepan				Sevatian					208.5
																		Alaunian					213.2 *
																		Lacian					216.7 *
			Otamitan	217
			Oretian	221
		Carnian	Oretian	Tuvalian	227
			Gore	Tuvalian	Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
				Longobardian	Etalian	238
				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
				Aegean	Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		247.2
				Smithian		248.9 *
				Smithian	Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
				Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville	Griesbachian	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima		Flettian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian			Flettian	Wordian	264.28
		Wordian			Barettian	Wordian	266
		Roadian				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
					Mangapirian		Cathedralian	276
							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						283.5
					Telfordian			285
					Telfordian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Pragian						Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan		Gamachian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Rawtheyan		Richmondian			446 *
										Cautleyan					448.9 *
										Pusgillian					449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian					Onnian †	449.6 *
													Berounian			449.7 *
												Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
												Edenian					450.4 *
											Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
										Cheneyan							451.5 *
										Burrellian							452.7 *
		Sandbian															453
															Actonian †		453.2 *
												Turinian			Actonian †		453.7 *
															Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
															Longvillian †			455.2 *
																		Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Aurelucian										456.8 *
											Whiterockian					Canadian †				Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
															Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian						457.4 *
														Liben †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn											458.4
													Dobrotivian								458.5 *
				Oretanian									459.7 *
										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
													Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian											Klabava †						467.3
				Arenigian															468
									Arenig	Fennian									468.4 *
												Rangerian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Ibexian	Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
										Whitlandian		Blackhillsian									471.1 *
										Whitlandian		Tulean									473.9 *
										Moridunian											474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc					Migneintian	Tremadocian											477.7
									Migneintian			Stairsian									480.3 *
									Cressagian			Stairsian									480.8 *
			Skullrockian		Demingian †				Cressagian			482 *
					Demingian †							485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10														Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †		485.4
		Stage 10					487.5									Niuchehean
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian					Paibian				494
		Paibian					Paibian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian					494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian				Wangcunian †					497
		Drumian					Drumian				Wangcunian †					500.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian									509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Nangaoian									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian									521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian									529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian									530.7
																							538.8