PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene			Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene			Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian														Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene				2.58
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene			Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian												Pannonian		Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene	Sarmatian		Clarendonian	11.63
														Sarmatian		Barstovian	12.5
														Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene				15.98
																Hemingfordian	16.3
																Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene				27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian											Late Eocene			Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene			Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian														Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian														Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene			Bridgerian	47.8
																Wasatchian	50.5
																Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene			Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian											Late Paleocene			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene			Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene			Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Early Paleocene			Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian											Early Paleocene			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan		Gamachian		445.2
						Rawtheyan		Richmondian		446 *
						Cautleyan				448.9 *
						Cautleyan			Eastonian	449 *
						Pusgillian				449.3 *
					Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
								Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian				450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
						Cheneyan						451.5 *
						Cheneyan			Gisbornian			452 *
						Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
										Actonian †		453.2 *
								Turinian		Actonian †		453.7 *
										Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †			455.2 *
						Aurelucian							456.8 *
							Whiterockian				Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				Darriwilian				458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Darriwilian				461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Yapeenian				467.3
					Arenig	Fennian				Yapeenian				468.4 *
										Castlemainian				468.5 *
								Rangerian		Castlemainian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †	Chewtonian	470
						Whitlandian								Chewtonian	471.1 *
														Bendigonian	471.8 *
														Lancefieldian	473.5 *
								Tulean							473.9 *
						Moridunian									474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian									477.7
						Migneintian		Stairsian							480.3 *
						Cressagian		Stairsian							480.8 *
								Skullrockian					Demingian †		482 *
														Warendian	482.8 *
						485 *								Warendian
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
																	487.5