PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of North America					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene					Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene				Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene				Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian															Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene				Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian															Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene						15.98
																	Hemingfordian		16.3
																	Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene		Kekeamuan				27.82
																	Whitneyan		29.5
																	Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian											Late Eocene		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian															Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene			Bumbanian	Bridgerian		47.8
																	Wasatchian		50.5
																	Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene		Gashatan		Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian											Late Paleocene		Gashatan		Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene				Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene				Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian											Early Paleocene				Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian											Early Paleocene				Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Lancian/Edmontonian							66
		Campanian										Judithian/Aquilan							72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian												Epizigzagiceras					168.2
		Bajocian												Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
		Aalenian												Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan		Gamachian	445.2
							Rawtheyan		Richmondian	446 *
							Cautleyan			448.9 *
							Pusgillian			449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
							Cheneyan					451.5 *
							Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
										Actonian †		453.2 *
									Turinian	Actonian †		453.7 *
										Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †			455.2 *
							Aurelucian						456.8 *
					Whiterockian				Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
							Rangerian	469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian		Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
				Whitlandian			Blackhillsian				471.1 *
				Whitlandian			Tulean				473.9 *
				Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian							477.7
				Migneintian			Stairsian				480.3 *
				Cressagian			Stairsian				480.8 *
				Cressagian			Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
										Demingian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
																			487.5