PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of China			Permian of Western Europe	Devonian Subages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of the Salt Range	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Lujanian					0.0117
				Chibanian										Lujanian					0.129
				Chibanian										Ensenadan					0.3 *
				Calabrian										Ensenadan					0.774
				Calabrian										Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
				Gelasian										Sanandresian					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Vorohuean					2.58
				Piacenzian										Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
				Zanclean										Chapadmalalan					3.6
														Montehermosan					3.7 *
														Huayquerian					4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
														Chasicoan					7.9 *
														Mayoan					9.9 *
														Laventan					10.9 *
				Serravallian										Laventan					11.63
				Serravallian										Colloncuran					13.7 *
				Langhian										Colloncuran					13.82
				Langhian										Friasian					15.4 *
				Burdigalian										Friasian					15.98
														Santacrucian					16.2 *
														Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
				Aquitanian										Colhuehuapian					20.44
				Aquitanian										Deseadan					20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
				Rupelian															27.82
				Rupelian										Tinguirirican					28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian										Tinguirirican					33.9
				Priabonian										Divisaderan					35.9 *
				Bartonian															37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Lutetian										Mustersan					41.9 *
				Ypresian										Mustersan					47.8
				Ypresian										Casamayoran					47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Riochican					56
														Itaboraian					56.9 *
														Peligran					58.9 *
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
				Danian										Tiupampan					62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian		100.5
																	Middle Albian		106.2 *
																	Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian													Late Aptian		113
				Aptian													Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian													Late Berriasian		139.8
																	Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																	Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian													Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian	Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		227
			Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
				Griesbachian		251.4 *
				Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian			Chhidru	Zechstein	254.14
						Kalabagh		255 *
						Wargal		256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian					264.28
								265.3 *
						Amb		266.1 *
			Roadian			Amb		266.9
			Roadian					270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian				Autunian	283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian					Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian						305.9
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian		Early Emsian				398.3 *
			Pragian		Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian				410.8
					Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian							Rawtheyan	Chientangkiangian			445.2
										Cautleyan				448.9 *
										Pusgillian				449.3 *
										Pusgillian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
									Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan					451.5 *
										Burrellian					452.7 *
			Sandbian												453
														Actonian †	453.2 *
														Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian				Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *										Guniu †/Hulo
				Hunjiang †						Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
			Dapingian									Dapingian	467.3
Arenig			Dapingian						Fennian			Dapingian	468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			Yiyangian	470
									Whitlandian				471.1 *
									Moridunian				474.3 *
Tremadocian			Tremadoc						Migneintian			Xinchangian	477.7
									Migneintian	Lianghekou †			477.9 *
									Cressagian				480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																			635