PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128010 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of North America	Carboniferous of China	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							0.0117
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	Sheridanian							0.129
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan							0.774
		Calabrian													Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian																				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian																				7.246
		Tortonian													Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian												Middle Miocene	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian													late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian																				13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene								15.98
															Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
															late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian																				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene								23.03
																Monroecreekian						23.1 *
																Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian												Early Oligocene		Geringian						27.82
		Rupelian												Early Oligocene								29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian												Late Eocene								37
		Bartonian												Middle Eocene								37.71
		Bartonian													Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian													Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian												Early Eocene	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							47.8
															Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
																	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					56
		Thanetian												Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian												Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian												Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian																		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian																		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian																		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian																		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian																		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		Late Albian		100.5
																				Middle Albian		106.2 *
																				Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian																		Late Aptian		113
		Aptian																		Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian																		Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian																		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian																		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian																		Late Berriasian		139.8
																				Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																				Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian																		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian																		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian																		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian																			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian																		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
			Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian	208.5
			Alaunian	213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian		Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian		298.9
						Xiaodushanian	300 *
					Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Missourian			Stephanian A	303.7
							Cantabrian	305 *
						Dalaun		305.8 *
				Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian						307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
				Atokan			Westphalian C	312.7 *
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
				Morrowan				318.4 *
						Huashibanian		318.5 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian		Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
						Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Jiusian		335 *
				Meramecian				335.8 *
					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Osagean	Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean	Tangbagouan	Ivorian		346.7
				Kinderhookian		Ivorian		351.9 *
				Kinderhookian		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere					434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere					438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill					Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan		Pirgu	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Cautleyan					448.9 *
								Pusgillian					449.3 *
			Caradoc					Streffordian		Onnian †			Vormsi	449.6 *
											Berounian		Vormsi	449.7 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru				Rakvere		450.6 *
								Cheneyan					Rakvere		451.5 *
								Cheneyan					Oandu		452 *
								Burrellian					Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian											Keila	Idavere †	453
										Actonian †			Keila		453.2 *
										Actonian †			Haljala		453.9
										Marshbrookian †					Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †						455.2 *
																Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
													Kukruse					456.4 *
								Aurelucian										456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian								457.4 *
													Uhaku	Aluoja †				457.5 *
												Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn										458.4
											Dobrotivian							458.5 *
											Dobrotivian		Lasnamagi					458.9 *
											Oretanian		Lasnamagi					459.7 *
													Aseri					460.4 *
								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn										461.3 *
												Sarka †						461.7 *
									Oeland				Kunda					462.9 *
													Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
													Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †							467.3
											Arenigian								468
			Arenig					Fennian											468.4 *
													Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian																	470
														Latorp †					470.1 *
								Whitlandian											471.1 *
							Hunneberg	Whitlandian					473.7 *
								Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc					Migneintian			Tremadocian		477.7
				Cressagian	480.8 *
					Varangu	481.3 *
					Pakerort	482.2 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						486.3 *
																						486.5